The internet says this instruction was created by accident when an Intel CPU
failed to decode x87 instructions properly. It's been documented on a few rare
occasions and has generally worked to ensure backwards compatability. One
source claims that the gcc toolchain is basically the only thing that emits
it, and that emulators/binary translators like qemu and bochs implement it.
We won't actually implement it here since we're hardly implementing any other
x87 instructions either. If we were to implement it, it would behave the same
as ffree but then also pop the register stack.
http://www.pagetable.com/?p=16
There may not be a formally correct spelling for the past tense of mmap, but
mmapped is the spelling Google doesn't try to autocorrect. This makes sense
because it mirrors the past tense of map->mapped and not the past tense of
cape->caped.
--HG--
rename : src/arch/alpha/mmaped_ipr.hh => src/arch/alpha/mmapped_ipr.hh
rename : src/arch/arm/mmaped_ipr.hh => src/arch/arm/mmapped_ipr.hh
rename : src/arch/mips/mmaped_ipr.hh => src/arch/mips/mmapped_ipr.hh
rename : src/arch/power/mmaped_ipr.hh => src/arch/power/mmapped_ipr.hh
rename : src/arch/sparc/mmaped_ipr.hh => src/arch/sparc/mmapped_ipr.hh
rename : src/arch/x86/mmaped_ipr.hh => src/arch/x86/mmapped_ipr.hh
We only support EABI binaries, so there is no reason to support OABI syscalls.
The loader detects OABI calls and fatal() so there is no reason to even check
here.
The ARM performance counters are not currently supported by the model.
This patch interprets a 'reset performance counters' command to mean 'reset
the simulator statistics' instead.
In x86, 32 and 64 bit writes to registers in which registers appear to be 32 or
64 bits wide overwrite all bits of the destination register. This change
removes false dependencies in these cases where the previous value of a
register doesn't need to be read to write a new value. New versions of most
microops are created that have a "Big" suffix which simply overwrite their
destination, and the right version to use is selected during microop
allocation based on the selected data size.
This does not change the performance of the O3 CPU model significantly, I
assume because there are other false dependencies from the condition code bits
in the flags register.
These faults can panic/warn/warn_once, etc., instead of instructions doing
that themselves directly. That way, instructions can be speculatively
executed, and only if they're actually going to commit will their fault be
invoked and the panic, etc., happen.
When redirecting fetch to handle branches, the npc of the current pc state
needs to be left alone. This change makes the pc state record whether or not
the npc already reflects a real value by making it keep track of the current
instruction size, or if no size has been set.
Uncacheable requests were set as such only in atomic mode.
currState->delayed is checked in place of currState->timing for resetting
currState in atomic mode.
Some ISAs (like ARM) relies on hardware page table walkers. For those ISAs,
when a TLB miss occurs, initiateTranslation() can return with NoFault but with
the translation unfinished.
Instructions experiencing a delayed translation due to a hardware page table
walk are deferred until the translation completes and kept into the IQ. In
order to keep track of them, the IQ has been augmented with a queue of the
outstanding delayed memory instructions. When their translation completes,
instructions are re-executed (only their initiateAccess() was already
executed; their DTB translation is now skipped). The IEW stage has been
modified to support such a 2-pass execution.
JMP_FAR_I was unpacking its far pointer operand using sll instead of srl like
it should, and also putting the components in the wrong registers for use by
other microcode.
During iret access LDT/GDT at CPL0 rather than after transition to user mode
(if I'm reading the Intel IA-64 architecture spec correctly, the contents of
the descriptor table are read before the CPL is updated).
Move page table walker state to its own object type, and make the
walker instantiate state for each outstanding walk. By storing the
states in a queue, the walker is able to handle multiple outstanding
timing requests. Note that functional walks use separate state
elements.
Double packet delete problem is due to an interrupt device deleting a packet that the SimpleTimingPort also deletes. Since MessagePort descends from SimpleTimingPort, simply reimplement the failing code from SimpleTimingPort: recvTiming.
Any change of control flow now resets the itstate to 0 mask and 0 condition,
except where the control flow alteration write into the cpsr register. These
case, for example return from an iterrupt, require the predecoder to recover
the itstate.
As there is a window of opportunity between the return from an interrupt
changing the control flow at the head of the pipe and the commit of the update
to the CPSR, the predecoder needs to be able to grab the ITstate early. This
is now handled by setting the forcedItState inside a PCstate for the control
flow altering instruction.
That instruction will have the correct mask/cond, but will not have a valid
itstate until advancePC is called (note this happens to advance the execution).
When the new PCstate is copy constructed it gets the itstate cond/mask, and
upon advancing the PC the itstate becomes valid.
Subsequent advancing invalidates the state and zeroes the cond/mask. This is
handled in isolation for the ARM ISA and should have no impact on other ISAs.
Refer arch/arm/types.hh and arch/arm/predecoder.cc for the details.
When this condition occurs the cpu should restart the fetch stage to fetch from
the original execution path. Fault handling in the commit stage is cleaned up a
little bit so the control flow is simplier. Finally, if an instruction is being
used to carry a fault it isn't executed, so the fault propagates appropriately.
I like the brevity of Ali's recent change, but the ambiguity of
sometimes showing the source and sometimes the target is a little
confusing. This patch makes scons typically list all sources and
all targets for each action, with the common path prefix factored
out for brevity. It's a little more verbose now but also more
informative.
Somehow Ali talked me into adding colors too, which is a whole
'nother story.
Ran all the source files through 'perl -pi' with this script:
s|\s*(};?\s*)?/\*\s*(end\s*)?namespace\s*(\S+)\s*\*/(\s*})?|} // namespace $3|;
s|\s*};?\s*//\s*(end\s*)?namespace\s*(\S+)\s*|} // namespace $2\n|;
s|\s*};?\s*//\s*(\S+)\s*namespace\s*|} // namespace $1\n|;
Also did a little manual editing on some of the arch/*/isa_traits.hh files
and src/SConscript.
For SPARC ASIs are added to the ExtMachInst. If the ASI is changed simply
marking the instruction as Serializing isn't enough beacuse that only
stops rename. This provides a mechanism to squash all the instructions
and refetch them
ARM instructions updating cumulative flags (ARM FP exceptions and saturation
flags) are not serialized.
Added aliases for ARM FP exceptions and saturation flags in FPSCR. Removed
write accesses to the FP condition codes for most ARM VFP instructions: only
VCMP and VCMPE instructions update the FP condition codes. Removed a potential
cause of seg. faults in the O3 model for NEON memory macro-ops (ARM).
The L1 cache may have been accessed to provide this data, which confuses
it, if it ends up being accesses twice in one cycle. Instead wait 1 tick
which will force the timing simple CPU to forward to its next clock cycle
when the translation completes.
Also prevent multiple outstanding table walks from occuring at once.
This change modifies the way prefetches work. They are now like normal loads
that don't writeback a register. Previously prefetches were supposed to call
prefetch() on the exection context, so they executed with execute() methods
instead of initiateAcc() completeAcc(). The prefetch() methods for all the CPUs
are blank, meaning that they get executed, but don't actually do anything.
On Alpha dead cache copy code was removed and prefetches are now normal ops.
They count as executed operations, but still don't do anything and IsMemRef is
not longer set on them.
On ARM IsDataPrefetch or IsInstructionPreftech is now set on all prefetch
instructions. The timing simple CPU doesn't try to do anything special for
prefetches now and they execute with the normal memory code path.
This change is a low level and pervasive reorganization of how PCs are managed
in M5. Back when Alpha was the only ISA, there were only 2 PCs to worry about,
the PC and the NPC, and the lsb of the PC signaled whether or not you were in
PAL mode. As other ISAs were added, we had to add an NNPC, micro PC and next
micropc, x86 and ARM introduced variable length instruction sets, and ARM
started to keep track of mode bits in the PC. Each CPU model handled PCs in
its own custom way that needed to be updated individually to handle the new
dimensions of variability, or, in the case of ARMs mode-bit-in-the-pc hack,
the complexity could be hidden in the ISA at the ISA implementation's expense.
Areas like the branch predictor hadn't been updated to handle branch delay
slots or micropcs, and it turns out that had introduced a significant (10s of
percent) performance bug in SPARC and to a lesser extend MIPS. Rather than
perpetuate the problem by reworking O3 again to handle the PC features needed
by x86, this change was introduced to rework PC handling in a more modular,
transparent, and hopefully efficient way.
PC type:
Rather than having the superset of all possible elements of PC state declared
in each of the CPU models, each ISA defines its own PCState type which has
exactly the elements it needs. A cross product of canned PCState classes are
defined in the new "generic" ISA directory for ISAs with/without delay slots
and microcode. These are either typedef-ed or subclassed by each ISA. To read
or write this structure through a *Context, you use the new pcState() accessor
which reads or writes depending on whether it has an argument. If you just
want the address of the current or next instruction or the current micro PC,
you can get those through read-only accessors on either the PCState type or
the *Contexts. These are instAddr(), nextInstAddr(), and microPC(). Note the
move away from readPC. That name is ambiguous since it's not clear whether or
not it should be the actual address to fetch from, or if it should have extra
bits in it like the PAL mode bit. Each class is free to define its own
functions to get at whatever values it needs however it needs to to be used in
ISA specific code. Eventually Alpha's PAL mode bit could be moved out of the
PC and into a separate field like ARM.
These types can be reset to a particular pc (where npc = pc +
sizeof(MachInst), nnpc = npc + sizeof(MachInst), upc = 0, nupc = 1 as
appropriate), printed, serialized, and compared. There is a branching()
function which encapsulates code in the CPU models that checked if an
instruction branched or not. Exactly what that means in the context of branch
delay slots which can skip an instruction when not taken is ambiguous, and
ideally this function and its uses can be eliminated. PCStates also generally
know how to advance themselves in various ways depending on if they point at
an instruction, a microop, or the last microop of a macroop. More on that
later.
Ideally, accessing all the PCs at once when setting them will improve
performance of M5 even though more data needs to be moved around. This is
because often all the PCs need to be manipulated together, and by getting them
all at once you avoid multiple function calls. Also, the PCs of a particular
thread will have spatial locality in the cache. Previously they were grouped
by element in arrays which spread out accesses.
Advancing the PC:
The PCs were previously managed entirely by the CPU which had to know about PC
semantics, try to figure out which dimension to increment the PC in, what to
set NPC/NNPC, etc. These decisions are best left to the ISA in conjunction
with the PC type itself. Because most of the information about how to
increment the PC (mainly what type of instruction it refers to) is contained
in the instruction object, a new advancePC virtual function was added to the
StaticInst class. Subclasses provide an implementation that moves around the
right element of the PC with a minimal amount of decision making. In ISAs like
Alpha, the instructions always simply assign NPC to PC without having to worry
about micropcs, nnpcs, etc. The added cost of a virtual function call should
be outweighed by not having to figure out as much about what to do with the
PCs and mucking around with the extra elements.
One drawback of making the StaticInsts advance the PC is that you have to
actually have one to advance the PC. This would, superficially, seem to
require decoding an instruction before fetch could advance. This is, as far as
I can tell, realistic. fetch would advance through memory addresses, not PCs,
perhaps predicting new memory addresses using existing ones. More
sophisticated decisions about control flow would be made later on, after the
instruction was decoded, and handed back to fetch. If branching needs to
happen, some amount of decoding needs to happen to see that it's a branch,
what the target is, etc. This could get a little more complicated if that gets
done by the predecoder, but I'm choosing to ignore that for now.
Variable length instructions:
To handle variable length instructions in x86 and ARM, the predecoder now
takes in the current PC by reference to the getExtMachInst function. It can
modify the PC however it needs to (by setting NPC to be the PC + instruction
length, for instance). This could be improved since the CPU doesn't know if
the PC was modified and always has to write it back.
ISA parser:
To support the new API, all PC related operand types were removed from the
parser and replaced with a PCState type. There are two warts on this
implementation. First, as with all the other operand types, the PCState still
has to have a valid operand type even though it doesn't use it. Second, using
syntax like PCS.npc(target) doesn't work for two reasons, this looks like the
syntax for operand type overriding, and the parser can't figure out if you're
reading or writing. Instructions that use the PCS operand (which I've
consistently called it) need to first read it into a local variable,
manipulate it, and then write it back out.
Return address stack:
The return address stack needed a little extra help because, in the presence
of branch delay slots, it has to merge together elements of the return PC and
the call PC. To handle that, a buildRetPC utility function was added. There
are basically only two versions in all the ISAs, but it didn't seem short
enough to put into the generic ISA directory. Also, the branch predictor code
in O3 and InOrder were adjusted so that they always store the PC of the actual
call instruction in the RAS, not the next PC. If the call instruction is a
microop, the next PC refers to the next microop in the same macroop which is
probably not desirable. The buildRetPC function advances the PC intelligently
to the next macroop (in an ISA specific way) so that that case works.
Change in stats:
There were no change in stats except in MIPS and SPARC in the O3 model. MIPS
runs in about 9% fewer ticks. SPARC runs with 30%-50% fewer ticks, which could
likely be improved further by setting call/return instruction flags and taking
advantage of the RAS.
TODO:
Add != operators to the PCState classes, defined trivially to be !(a==b).
Smooth out places where PCs are split apart, passed around, and put back
together later. I think this might happen in SPARC's fault code. Add ISA
specific constructors that allow setting PC elements without calling a bunch
of accessors. Try to eliminate the need for the branching() function. Factor
out Alpha's PAL mode pc bit into a separate flag field, and eliminate places
where it's blindly masked out or tested in the PC.
Code in the CPUs that need a nop to carry a fault can't easily deal with a
microcoded nop. This instruction format provides for one that isn't.
--HG--
rename : src/arch/x86/isa/formats/syscall.isa => src/arch/x86/isa/formats/nop.isa
These flags were being used to identify what alignment a request needed, but
the same information is available using the request size. This change also
eliminates the isMisaligned function. If more complicated alignment checks are
needed, they can be signaled using the ASI_BITS space in the flags vector like
is currently done with ARM.
In the process make add skipFuction() to handle isa specific function skipping
instead of ifdefs and other ugliness. For almost all ABIs, 64 bit arguments can
only start in even registers. Size is now passed to getArgument() so that 32
bit systems can make decisions about register selection for 64 bit arguments.
The number argument is now passed by reference because getArgument() will need
to change it based on the size of the argument and the current argument number.
For ARM, if the argument number is odd and a 64-bit register is requested the
number must first be incremented to because all 64 bit arguments are passed
in an even argument register. Then the number will be incremented again to
access both halves of the argument.
This reduces the scope of those includes and makes it less likely for there to
be a dependency loop. This also moves the hashing functions associated with
ExtMachInst objects to be with the ExtMachInst definitions and out of
utility.hh.
Also move the "Fault" reference counted pointer type into a separate file,
sim/fault.hh. It would be better to name this less similarly to sim/faults.hh
to reduce confusion, but fault.hh matches the name of the type. We could change
Fault to FaultPtr to match other pointer types, and then changing the name of
the file would make more sense.
Without this flag set, page-crossing requests were not split into two mem
request.
Depending on the alignment bit in the SCTLR, misaligned access could
raise a fault. However it seems unnecessary to implement that.
This fault can used to flush the pipe, not including the faulting instruction.
The particular case I needed this was for a self-modifying code. It needed to
drain the store queue and force the following instruction to refetch from
icache. DCCMVAC cp15 mcr instruction is modified to raise this fault.
When decoding a srs instruction, invalid mode encoding returns invalid instruction.
This can happen when garbage instructions are fetched from mispredicted path
Allow some loads that update the base register to use just two micro-ops. three
micro-ops are only used if the destination register matches the offset register
or the PC is the destination regsiter. If the PC is updated it needs to be
the last micro-op otherwise O3 will mispredict.
inUserMode now can take either a threadcontext or a CPSR value directly. If
given a thread context it just extracts the CPSR and calls the other version.
An inPrivelegedMode function was also implemented which just returns the
opposite of inUserMode.
This is to help tidy up arch/x86. These files should not be used external to
the ISA.
--HG--
rename : src/arch/x86/apicregs.hh => src/arch/x86/regs/apic.hh
rename : src/arch/x86/floatregs.hh => src/arch/x86/regs/float.hh
rename : src/arch/x86/intregs.hh => src/arch/x86/regs/int.hh
rename : src/arch/x86/miscregs.hh => src/arch/x86/regs/misc.hh
rename : src/arch/x86/segmentregs.hh => src/arch/x86/regs/segment.hh
This single parameter replaces the collection of bools that set up various
flavors of microops. A flag parameter also allows other flags to be set like
the serialize before/after flags, etc., without having to change the
constructor.
Since miscellaneous registers bypass wakeup logic, force serialization
to resolve data dependencies through them
* * *
ARM: adding non-speculative/serialize flags for instructions change CPSR
THis allows the CPU to handle predicated-false instructions accordingly.
This particular patch makes loads that are predicated-false to be sent
straight to the commit stage directly, not waiting for return of the data
that was never requested since it was predicated-false.
This allows one two different OS requirements for the same ISA to be handled.
Some OSes are compiled for a virtual address and need to be loaded into physical
memory that starts at address 0, while other bare metal tools generate
images that start at address 0.
Replace direct call to unserialize() on each SimObject with a pair of
calls for better control over initialization in both ckpt and non-ckpt
cases.
If restoring from a checkpoint, loadState(ckpt) is called on each
SimObject. The default implementation simply calls unserialize() if
there is a corresponding checkpoint section, so we get backward
compatibility for existing objects. However, objects can override
loadState() to get other behaviors, e.g., doing other programmed
initializations after unserialize(), or complaining if no checkpoint
section is found. (Note that the default warning for a missing
checkpoint section is now gone.)
If not restoring from a checkpoint, we call the new initState() method
on each SimObject instead. This provides a hook for state
initializations that are only required when *not* restoring from a
checkpoint.
Given this new framework, do some cleanup of LiveProcess subclasses
and X86System, which were (in some cases) emulating initState()
behavior in startup via a local flag or (in other cases) erroneously
doing initializations in startup() that clobbered state loaded earlier
by unserialize().
Spec2k benchmarks seem to run with atomic or timing mode simple
CPUs. Fixed up some constants, handling of 64 bit arguments,
and marked a few more syscalls ignoreFunc.
This will help keep the high level decode together and not have it spread into
the subordinate decode stuff. The ##include lines still need to be on a line
by themselves, though.
There were four bugs in these instructions. First, the loaded value was being
stored into a floating point register as floating point, changing the value as
it was transfered. Second, the meaning of the "up" bit had been reversed.
Third, the statically sized microop array wasn't bit enough for all possible
inputs. It's now dynamically sized and should always be big enough. Fourth,
the offset was stored as an unsigned 8 bit value. Negative offsets would look
like moderately large positive offsets.
