Commit graph

49 commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Russ Cox 1a81e38b17 make new code like old code
Variable declarations at top of function,
separate from initialization.

Use == 0 instead of ! for checking pointers.

Consistent spacing around {, *, casts.

Declare 0-parameter functions as (void) not ().

Integer valued functions return -1 on failure, 0 on success.
2011-01-11 13:01:13 -05:00
Robert Morris faad047ab2 change some comments, maybe more informative
delete most comments from bootother.S (since copy of bootasm.S)
ksegment() -> seginit()
move more stuff from main() to mainc()
2010-09-13 15:34:44 -04:00
Frans Kaashoek 74c82bc158 nits 2010-07-02 17:45:37 -04:00
Frans Kaashoek 40889627ba Initial version of single-cpu xv6 with page tables 2010-07-02 14:51:53 -04:00
Russ Cox 48755214c9 assorted fixes:
* rename c/cp to cpu/proc
 * rename cpu.context to cpu.scheduler
 * fix some comments
 * formatting for printout
2009-08-30 23:02:08 -07:00
Russ Cox b121486c3f spinlock: rename parameter lock -> lk 2009-07-11 19:26:51 -07:00
rsc 19333efb9e Some proc cleanup, moving some of copyproc into allocproc.
Also, an experiment: use "thread-local" storage for c and cp
instead of the #define macro for curproc[cpu()].
2009-05-31 00:28:45 +00:00
rsc 2157576107 be consistent: no underscores in function names 2009-03-08 22:07:13 +00:00
kolya c780dbf967 include explicitly initialized globals (int x = 0;) in cross-refs,
also thanks to greg price.
2008-10-12 18:45:30 +00:00
rtm be38c8413e document lock->locked=0 vs xchg(&lock->locked, 0) 2008-09-28 10:53:54 +00:00
rsc 943fd378a1 Incorporate new understanding of/with Intel SMP spec.
Dropped cmpxchg in favor of xchg, to match lecture notes.

Use xchg to release lock, for future protection and to
keep gcc from acting clever.
2007-10-01 20:43:15 +00:00
rsc 9fd9f80431 Re: why cpuid() in locking code?
rtm wrote:
> Why does acquire() call cpuid()? Why does release() call cpuid()?

The cpuid in acquire is redundant with the cmpxchg, as you said.
I have removed the cpuid from acquire.

The cpuid in release is actually doing something important,
but not on the hardware.  It keeps gcc from reordering the
lock->locked assignment above the other two during optimization.
(Not that current gcc -O2 would choose to do that, but it is allowed to.)
I have replaced the cpuid in release with a "gcc barrier" that
keeps gcc from moving things around but has no hardware effect.

On a related note, I don't think the cpuid in mpmain is necessary,
for the same reason that the cpuid wasn't needed in release.

As to the question of whether

  acquire();
  x = protected;
  release();

might read protected after release(), I still haven't convinced
myself whether it can.  I'll put the cpuid back into release if
we determine that it can.

Russ
2007-09-30 14:30:04 +00:00
rsc ab08960f64 Final word on the locking fiasco?
Change pushcli / popcli so that they can never turn on
interrupts unexpectedly.  That is, if interrupts are on,
then pushcli(); popcli(); turns them off and back on, but
if they are off to begin with, then pushcli(); popcli(); is
a no-op.

I think our fundamental mistake was having a primitive
(release and then popcli nee spllo) that could turn
interrupts on at unexpected moments instead of being
explicit about when we want to start allowing interrupts.

With the new semantics, all the manual fiddling of ncli
to force interrupts off in certain sections goes away.
In return, we must explicitly mark the places where
we want to enable interrupts unconditionally, by calling sti().
There is only one: inside the scheduler loop.
2007-09-27 21:25:37 +00:00
rsc 3807c1f20b rename splhi/spllo to pushcli/popcli 2007-09-27 20:09:40 +00:00
rsc c8919e6537 kernel SMP interruptibility fixes.
Last year, right before I sent xv6 to the printer, I changed the
SETGATE calls so that interrupts would be disabled on entry to
interrupt handlers, and I added the nlock++ / nlock-- in trap()
so that interrupts would stay disabled while the hw handlers
(but not the syscall handler) did their work.  I did this because
the kernel was otherwise causing Bochs to triple-fault in SMP
mode, and time was short.

Robert observed yesterday that something was keeping the SMP
preemption user test from working.  It turned out that when I
simplified the lapic code I swapped the order of two register
writes that I didn't realize were order dependent.  I fixed that
and then since I had everything paged in kept going and tried
to figure out why you can't leave interrupts on during interrupt
handlers.  There are a few issues.

First, there must be some way to keep interrupts from "stacking
up" and overflowing the stack.  Keeping interrupts off the whole
time solves this problem -- even if the clock tick handler runs
long enough that the next clock tick is waiting when it finishes,
keeping interrupts off means that the handler runs all the way
through the "iret" before the next handler begins.  This is not
really a problem unless you are putting too many prints in trap
-- if the OS is doing its job right, the handlers should run
quickly and not stack up.

Second, if xv6 had page faults, then it would be important to
keep interrupts disabled between the start of the interrupt and
the time that cr2 was read, to avoid a scenario like:

   p1 page faults [cr2 set to faulting address]
   p1 starts executing trapasm.S
   clock interrupt, p1 preempted, p2 starts executing
   p2 page faults [cr2 set to another faulting address]
   p2 starts, finishes fault handler
   p1 rescheduled, reads cr2, sees wrong fault address

Alternately p1 could be rescheduled on the other cpu, in which
case it would still see the wrong cr2.  That said, I think cr2
is the only interrupt state that isn't pushed onto the interrupt
stack atomically at fault time, and xv6 doesn't care.  (This isn't
entirely hypothetical -- I debugged this problem on Plan 9.)

Third, and this is the big one, it is not safe to call cpu()
unless interrupts are disabled.  If interrupts are enabled then
there is no guarantee that, between the time cpu() looks up the
cpu id and the time that it the result gets used, the process
has not been rescheduled to the other cpu.  For example, the
very commonly-used expression curproc[cpu()] (aka the macro cp)
can end up referring to the wrong proc: the code stores the
result of cpu() in %eax, gets rescheduled to the other cpu at
just the wrong instant, and then reads curproc[%eax].

We use curproc[cpu()] to get the current process a LOT.  In that
particular case, if we arranged for the current curproc entry
to be addressed by %fs:0 and just use a different %fs on each
CPU, then we could safely get at curproc even with interrupts
disabled, since the read of %fs would be atomic with the read
of %fs:0.  Alternately, we could have a curproc() function that
disables interrupts while computing curproc[cpu()].  I've done
that last one.

Even in the current kernel, with interrupts off on entry to trap,
interrupts are enabled inside release if there are no locks held.
Also, the scheduler's idle loop must be interruptible at times
so that the clock and disk interrupts (which might make processes
runnable) can be handled.

In addition to the rampant use of curproc[cpu()], this little
snippet from acquire is wrong on smp:

  if(cpus[cpu()].nlock == 0)
    cli();
  cpus[cpu()].nlock++;

because if interrupts are off then we might call cpu(), get
rescheduled to a different cpu, look at cpus[oldcpu].nlock, and
wrongly decide not to disable interrupts on the new cpu.  The
fix is to always call cli().  But this is wrong too:

  if(holding(lock))
    panic("acquire");
  cli();
  cpus[cpu()].nlock++;

because holding looks at cpu().  The fix is:

  cli();
  if(holding(lock))
    panic("acquire");
  cpus[cpu()].nlock++;

I've done that, and I changed cpu() to complain the first time
it gets called with interrupts disabled.  (It gets called too
much to complain every time.)

I added new functions splhi and spllo that are like acquire and
release but without the locking:

  void
  splhi(void)
  {
    cli();
    cpus[cpu()].nsplhi++;
  }

  void
  spllo(void)
  {
    if(--cpus[cpu()].nsplhi == 0)
      sti();
  }

and I've used those to protect other sections of code that refer
to cpu() when interrupts would otherwise be disabled (basically
just curproc and setupsegs).  I also use them in acquire/release
and got rid of nlock.

I'm not thrilled with the names, but I think the concept -- a
counted cli/sti -- is sound.  Having them also replaces the
nlock++/nlock-- in trap.c and main.c, which is nice.


Final note: it's still not safe to enable interrupts in
the middle of trap() between lapic_eoi and returning
to user space.  I don't understand why, but we get a
fault on pop %es because 0x10 is a bad segment
descriptor (!) and then the fault faults trying to go into
a new interrupt because 0x8 is a bad segment descriptor too!
Triple fault.  I haven't debugged this yet.
2007-09-27 12:58:42 +00:00
rtm ab4cedb593 continuous quality management 2007-08-31 19:55:27 +00:00
rsc 558ab49f13 delete unnecessary #include lines 2007-08-27 23:26:33 +00:00
rsc 5af5f6aa7f Reorder spinlock.c: acquire and release first 2007-08-24 20:06:14 +00:00
rsc eaea18cb9c PDF at http://am.lcs.mit.edu/~rsc/xv6.pdf
Various changes made while offline.

 + bwrite sector argument is redundant; use b->sector.
 + reformatting of files for nicer PDF page breaks
 + distinguish between locked, unlocked inodes in type signatures
 + change FD_FILE to FD_INODE
 + move userinit (nee proc0init) to proc.c
 + move ROOTDEV to param.h
 + always parenthesize sizeof argument
2007-08-22 06:01:32 +00:00
rsc 15b326b630 nit 2007-08-10 17:45:49 +00:00
rsc 2715cd3592 and spinlock 2007-08-10 17:17:57 +00:00
rsc ba969aa6a8 make lines shorter 2006-09-08 15:18:58 +00:00
kaashoek 8e1d1ec934 some comment changes 2006-09-08 14:36:44 +00:00
rsc e7a5b3c5ee comment memory barriers 2006-09-07 16:53:49 +00:00
rsc 31085bb416 more comments 2006-09-07 14:12:30 +00:00
rsc 0cfc7290e8 wrap long lines 2006-09-06 19:08:14 +00:00
rsc 9e9bcaf143 standardize various * conventions 2006-09-06 17:27:19 +00:00
rsc a650c606fe spacing fixes: no tabs, 2-space indents (for rtm) 2006-09-06 17:04:06 +00:00
rtm dfcc5b997c prune unneeded panics and debug output 2006-08-29 19:06:37 +00:00
rtm 2b19190c13 clean up stale error checks and panics
delete unused functions
a few comments
2006-08-29 14:45:45 +00:00
rtm 5be0039ce9 interrupts could be recursive since lapic_eoi() called before rti
so fast interrupts overflow the kernel stack
fix: cli() before lapic_eoi()
2006-08-10 22:08:14 +00:00
rtm 8a8be1b8c3 low-level keyboard input (not hooked up to /dev yet)
fix acquire() to cli() *before* incrementing nlock
make T_SYSCALL a trap gate, not an interrupt gate
sadly, various crashes if you hold down a keyboard key...
2006-08-10 02:07:10 +00:00
rtm 0e84a0ec6e fix race in holding() check in acquire()
give cpu1 a TSS and gdt for when it enters scheduler()
and a pseudo proc[] entry for each cpu
cpu0 waits for each other cpu to start up
read() for files
2006-08-08 19:58:06 +00:00
rtm 32630628a9 open() 2006-07-29 09:35:02 +00:00
rsc 0dd4253747 add ide_lock for sleep 2006-07-17 05:00:25 +00:00
rsc b74f4b57ae Keep interrupts disabled during startup. 2006-07-16 15:50:13 +00:00
rsc 679a977cb2 remove acquire1 and release1 2006-07-16 15:38:13 +00:00
rsc 65bd8e139a New scheduler.
Removed cli and sti stack in favor of tracking
number of locks held on each CPU and explicit
conditionals in spinlock.c.
2006-07-16 01:15:28 +00:00
rtm 46bbd72f3e no more recursive locks
wakeup1() assumes you hold proc_table_lock
sleep(chan, lock) provides atomic sleep-and-release to wait for condition
ugly code in swtch/scheduler to implement new sleep
fix lots of bugs in pipes, wait, and exit
fix bugs if timer interrupt goes off in schedule()
console locks per line, not per byte
2006-07-15 12:03:57 +00:00
rtm 6eb6f10c56 passes both usertests
exit had acquire where I meant release
swtch now checks that you hold no locks
2006-07-12 15:35:33 +00:00
rtm 8148b6ee53 i think my cmpxchg use was wrong in acquire
nesting cli/sti: release shouldn't always enable interrupts
separate setup of lapic from starting of other cpus, so cpu() works earlier
flag to disable locking in console output
make locks work even when curproc==0
(still crashes in clock interrupt)
2006-07-12 11:15:38 +00:00
rtm 4e8f237be8 no more big kernel lock
succeeds at usertests.c pipe test
2006-07-12 01:48:35 +00:00
rtm b548df152b pre-empt both user and kernel, in clock interrupt
usertest.c tests pre-emption
kill()
2006-07-11 17:39:45 +00:00
rsc 5ce9751cab Changes to allow use of native x86 ELF compilers, which on my
Linux 2.4 box using gcc 3.4.6 don't seem to follow the same
conventions as the i386-jos-elf-gcc compilers.
Can run make 'TOOLPREFIX=' or edit the Makefile.

curproc[cpu()] can now be NULL, indicating that no proc is running.
This seemed safer to me than having curproc[0] and curproc[1]
both pointing at proc[0] potentially.

The old implementation of swtch depended on the stack frame layout
used inside swtch being okay to return from on the other stack
(exactly the V6 you are not expected to understand this).
It also could be called in two contexts: at boot time, to schedule
the very first process, and later, on behalf of a process, to sleep
or schedule some other process.

I split this into two functions: scheduler and swtch.

The scheduler is now a separate never-returning function, invoked
by each cpu once set up.  The scheduler looks like:

	scheduler() {
		setjmp(cpu.context);

		pick proc to schedule
		blah blah blah

		longjmp(proc.context)
	}

The new swtch is intended to be called only when curproc[cpu()] is not NULL,
that is, only on behalf of a user proc.  It does:

	swtch() {
		if(setjmp(proc.context) == 0)
			longjmp(cpu.context)
	}

to save the current proc context and then jump over to the scheduler,
running on the cpu stack.

Similarly the system call stubs are now in assembly in usys.S to avoid
needing to know the details of stack frame layout used by the compiler.

Also various changes in the debugging prints.
2006-07-11 01:07:40 +00:00
kaashoek 7837c71b32 disable all interrupts when acquiring lock
user program that makes a blocking system call
2006-07-06 21:47:22 +00:00
kaashoek f7cea12b38 disable interrupts when holding kernel lock 2006-06-28 16:44:41 +00:00
rtm bf3903612d system call arguments 2006-06-26 15:11:19 +00:00
rtm df5cc91659 compile "user programs"
curproc array
2006-06-22 20:47:23 +00:00
kaashoek 21a88fd487 checkpoint. booting second processor. stack is messed up, but thanks to cliff
and plan 9 code, at least boots and gets into C code.
2006-06-22 01:28:57 +00:00