There is not that much use for it on a single CPU, however, deadlock
between kernel and system task can be delected. Or a runaway loop.
If a kernel gets locked up the timer interrupts don't occure (as all
interrupts are disabled in kernel mode). The only chance is to
interrupt the kernel by a non-maskable interrupt.
This patch generates NMIs using performance counters. It uses the most
widely available performace counters. As the performance counters are
highly model-specific this patch is not guaranteed to work on every
machine. Unfortunately this is also true for KVM :-/ On the other
hand adding this feature for other models is not extremely difficult
and the framework makes it hopefully easy enough.
Depending on the frequency of the CPU an NMI is generated at most
about every 0.5s If the cpu's speed is less then 2Ghz it is generated
at most every 1s. In general an NMI is generated much less often as
the performance counter counts down only if the cpu is not idle.
Therefore the overhead of this feature is fairly minimal even if the
load is high.
Uppon detecting that the kernel is locked up the kernel dumps the
state of the kernel registers and panics.
Local APIC must be enabled for the watchdog to work.
The code is _always_ compiled in, however, it is only enabled if
watchdog=<non-zero> is set in the boot monitor.
One corner case is serial console debugging. As dumping a lot of stuff
to the serial link may take a lot of time, the watchdog does not
detect lockups during this time!!! as it would result in too many
false positives. 10 nmi have to be handled before the lockup is
detected. This means something between ~5s to 10s.
Another corner case is that the watchdog is enabled only after the
paging is enabled as it would be pure madness to try to get it right.
Main changes:
- COW optimization for safecopy.
- safemap, a grant-based interface for sharing memory regions between processes.
- Integration with safemap and complete rework of DS, supporting new data types
natively (labels, memory ranges, memory mapped ranges).
- For further information:
http://wiki.minix3.org/en/SummerOfCode2009/MemoryGrants
Additional changes not included in the original Wu's branch:
- Fixed unhandled case in VM when using COW optimization for safecopy in case
of a block that has already been shared as SMAP.
- Better interface and naming scheme for sys_saferevmap and ds_retrieve_map
calls.
- Better input checking in syslib: check for page alignment when creating
memory mapping grants.
- DS notifies subscribers when an entry is deleted.
- Documented the behavior of indirect grants in case of memory mapping.
- Test suite in /usr/src/test/safeperf|safecopy|safemap|ds/* reworked
and extended.
- Minor fixes and general cleanup.
- TO-DO: Grant ids should be generated and managed the way endpoints are to make
sure grant slots are never misreused.
- if debugging on serial console is enabled typing Q kills the system. It is
handy if the system gets locked up and the timer interrupts still work. Good
for remote debugging.
- NOT_REACHABLE reintroduced and fixed. It should be used for marking code which
is not reachable because the previous code _should_ not return. Such places
are not always obvious
SYSLIB CHANGES:
- SEF framework now supports a new SEF Init request type from RS. 3 different
callbacks are available (init_fresh, init_lu, init_restart) to specify
initialization code when a service starts fresh, starts after a live update,
or restarts.
SYSTEM SERVICE CHANGES:
- Initialization code for system services is now enclosed in a callback SEF will
automatically call at init time. The return code of the callback will
tell RS whether the initialization completed successfully.
- Each init callback can access information passed by RS to initialize. As of
now, each system service has access to the public entries of RS's system process
table to gather all the information required to initialize. This design
eliminates many existing or potential races at boot time and provides a uniform
initialization interface to system services. The same interface will be reused
for the upcoming publish/subscribe model to handle dynamic
registration / deregistration of system services.
VM CHANGES:
- Uniform privilege management for all system services. Every service uses the
same call mask format. For boot services, VM copies the call mask from init
data. For dynamic services, VM still receives the call mask via rs_set_priv
call that will be soon replaced by the upcoming publish/subscribe model.
RS CHANGES:
- The system process table has been reorganized and split into private entries
and public entries. Only the latter ones are exposed to system services.
- VM call masks are now entirely configured in rs/table.c
- RS has now its own slot in the system process table. Only kernel tasks and
user processes not included in the boot image are now left out from the system
process table.
- RS implements the initialization protocol for system services.
- For services in the boot image, RS blocks till initialization is complete and
panics when failure is reported back. Services are initialized in their order of
appearance in the boot image priv table and RS blocks to implements synchronous
initialization for every system service having the flag SF_SYNCH_BOOT set.
- For services started dynamically, the initialization protocol is implemented
as though it were the first ping for the service. In this case, if the
system service fails to report back (or reports failure), RS brings the service
down rather than trying to restart it.
- clean up kernel section of minix/com.h somewhat
- remove ALLOCMEM and VM_ALLOCMEM calls
- remove non-safecopy and minix-vmd support from Inet
- remove SYS_VIRVCOPY and SYS_PHYSVCOPY calls
- remove obsolete segment encoding in SYS_SAFECOPY*
- remove DEVCTL call, svrctl(FSDEVUNMAP), map_driverX
- remove declarations of unimplemented svrctl requests
- remove everything related to swapping to disk
- remove floppysetup.sh
- remove traces of rescue device
- update DESCRIBE.sh with new devices
- some other small changes
- Revise VFS-FS protocol and update VFS/MFS/ISOFS accordingly.
- Clean up MFS by removing old, dead code (backwards compatibility is broken by
the new VFS-FS protocol, anyway) and rewrite other parts. Also, make sure all
functions have proper banners and prototypes.
- VFS should always provide a (syntactically) valid path to the FS; no need for
the FS to do sanity checks when leaving/entering mount points.
- Fix several bugs in MFS:
- Several path lookup bugs in MFS.
- A link can be too big for the path buffer.
- A mountpoint can become inaccessible when the creation of a new inode
fails, because the inode already exists and is a mountpoint.
- Introduce support for supplemental groups.
- Add test 46 to test supplemental group functionality (and removed obsolete
suppl. tests from test 2).
- Clean up VFS (not everything is done yet).
- ISOFS now opens device read-only. This makes the -r flag in the mount command
unnecessary (but will still report to be mounted read-write).
- Introduce PipeFS. PipeFS is a new FS that handles all anonymous and
named pipes. However, named pipes still reside on the (M)FS, as they are part
of the file system on disk. To make this work VFS now has a concept of
'mapped' inodes, which causes read, write, truncate and stat requests to be
redirected to the mapped FS, and all other requests to the original FS.
The old deadlock code was misplaced and unable to deal with asynchronous
IPC primitives (notify and senda) effectively. As an example, the following
sequence of messages allowed the deadlock detection code to
trigger a false positive:
1. A.notify(B)
2. A.receive(B)
3. B.receive(A)
1. B.notify(A)
The solution is to run the deadlock detection routine only when a process is
about to block in mini_send() or mini_receive().
KERNEL CHANGES:
- The kernel only knows about privileges of kernel tasks and the root system
process (now RS).
- Kernel tasks and the root system process are the only processes that are made
schedulable by the kernel at startup. All the other processes in the boot image
don't get their privileges set at startup and are inhibited from running by the
RTS_NO_PRIV flag.
- Removed the assumption on the ordering of processes in the boot image table.
System processes can now appear in any order in the boot image table.
- Privilege ids can now be assigned both statically or dynamically. The kernel
assigns static privilege ids to kernel tasks and the root system process. Each
id is directly derived from the process number.
- User processes now all share the static privilege id of the root user
process (now INIT).
- sys_privctl split: we have more calls now to let RS set privileges for system
processes. SYS_PRIV_ALLOW / SYS_PRIV_DISALLOW are only used to flip the
RTS_NO_PRIV flag and allow / disallow a process from running. SYS_PRIV_SET_SYS /
SYS_PRIV_SET_USER are used to set privileges for a system / user process.
- boot image table flags split: PROC_FULLVM is the only flag that has been
moved out of the privilege flags and is still maintained in the boot image
table. All the other privilege flags are out of the kernel now.
RS CHANGES:
- RS is the only user-space process who gets to run right after in-kernel
startup.
- RS uses the boot image table from the kernel and three additional boot image
info table (priv table, sys table, dev table) to complete the initialization
of the system.
- RS checks that the entries in the priv table match the entries in the boot
image table to make sure that every process in the boot image gets schedulable.
- RS only uses static privilege ids to set privileges for system services in
the boot image.
- RS includes basic memory management support to allocate the boot image buffer
dynamically during initialization. The buffer shall contain the executable
image of all the system services we would like to restart after a crash.
- First step towards decoupling between resource provisioning and resource
requirements in RS: RS must know what resources it needs to restart a process
and what resources it has currently available. This is useful to tradeoff
reliability and resource consumption. When required resources are missing, the
process cannot be restarted. In that case, in the future, a system flag will
tell RS what to do. For example, if CORE_PROC is set, RS should trigger a
system-wide panic because the system can no longer function correctly without
a core system process.
PM CHANGES:
- The process tree built at initialization time is changed to have INIT as root
with pid 0, RS child of INIT and all the system services children of RS. This
is required to make RS in control of all the system services.
- PM no longer registers labels for system services in the boot image. This is
now part of RS's initialization process.
- gas2ack cannot handle all variants of some instructions. Until this issues is
addressed, this patch places a big warning where appropriate. This code is not
supposed to change frequently.
- local APIC timer used as the source of time
- PIC is still used as the hw interrupt controller as we don't have
enough info without ACPI or MPS to set up IO APICs
- remapping of APIC when switching paging on, uses the new mechanism
to tell VM what phys areas to map in kernel's virtual space
- one more step to SMP
based on code by Arun C.
- idle task becomes a pseudo task which is never scheduled. It is never put on
any run queue and never enters userspace. An entry for this task still remains
in the process table for time accounting
- Instead of panicing if there is not process to schedule, pick_proc() returns
NULL which is a signal to put the cpu in an idle state and set everything in
such a way that after receiving and interrupt it looks like idle task was
preempted
- idle task is set non-preemptible to avoid handling in the timer interrupt code
which make userspace scheduling simpler as idle task does not need to be
handled as a special case.
- the gnu .S are compiled with __ASSEMBLY__ macro set which allows us to
conditionaly remove C stuff from the proc.h file when included in assembly
files
- new proc_is_runnable() macro to test whether process is runnable. All tests
whether p_rts_flags == 0 converted to use this macro
- pick_proc() calls removed from enqueue() and dequeue()
- removed the test for recursive calls from pick_proc() as it certainly cannot
be called recursively now
- PREEMPTED flag to mark processes that were preempted by enqueueuing a higher
priority process in enqueue()
- enqueue_head() to enqueue PREEMPTED processes again at the head of their
current priority queue
- NO_QUANTUM flag to block and dequeue processes preempted by timer tick with
exceeded quantum. They need to be enqueued again in schedcheck()
- next_ptr global variable removed
- after a trap to kernel, the code automatically switches to kernel
stack, in the future local to the CPU
- k_reenter variable replaced by a test whether the CS is kernel cs or
not. The information is passed further if needed. Removes a global
variable which would need to be cpu local
- no need for global variables describing the exception or trap
context. This information is kept on stack and a pointer to this
structure is passed to the C code as a single structure
- removed loadedcr3 variable and its use replaced by reading the %cr3
register
- no need to redisable interrupts in restart() as they are already
disabled.
- unified handling of traps that push and don't push errorcode
- removed save() function as the process context is not saved directly
to process table but saved as required by the trap code. Essentially
it means that save() code is inlined everywhere not only in the
exception handling routine
- returning from syscall is more arch independent - it sets the retger
in C
- top of the x86 stack contains the current CPU id and pointer to the
currently scheduled process (the one right interrupted) so the mode
switch code can find where to save the context without need to use
proc_ptr which will be cpu local in the future and therefore
difficult to access in assembler and expensive to access in general
- some more clean up of level0 code. No need to read-back the argument
passed in
%eax from the proc structure. The mode switch code does not clobber
%the general registers and hence we can just call what is in %eax
- many assebly macros in sconst.h as they will be reused by the apic
assembly
- preemption handled in the clock timer interrupt handler, not in the clock task
- more achitecture independent clock timer handling code
- smp ready as each CPU can have its own timer
- the PIC master and slave irq handlers don't pass the irq hook pointer but just
the irq number. It gives a little bit more information to the C handler as the
irq number is not lost
- the irq code path is more achitecture independent. i386 hw interrupts are
called irq and whereever the code is arch independent enough hw_intr_
functions are called to mask/unmask interrupts
- the legacy PIC is not the only possible interrupt controller in the x86 world,
therefore the intr_(un)mask functions were renamed to signal their
functionality explicitly. APIC will add their own.
- masking and unmasking PIC interrupt lines is removed from assembler and all
the functionality is rewriten in C and moved to i8259.c
- interrupt handlers have to unmask the interrupt line if all irq handlers are
done. Assembler does not do it anymore
told to kernel
- makes VM ask the kernel if a certain process is allowed
to map in a range of physical memory (VM rounds it to page
boundaries afterwards - but it's impossible to map anything
smaller otherwise so I assume this is safe, i.e. there won't
be anything else in that page; certainly no regular memory)
- VM permission check cleanup (no more hardcoded calls, less
hardcoded logic, more readable main loop), a loose end left
by GQ
- remove do_copy warning, as the ipc server triggers this but
it's no more harmful than the special cases already excluded
explicitly (VFS, PM, etc).
