diff --git a/cat.c b/cat.c
index eb8153a..2b2dcc7 100644
--- a/cat.c
+++ b/cat.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
   int fd, i;
 
-  if(argc <= 1) {
+  if(argc <= 1){
     cat(0);
     exit();
   }
diff --git a/console.c b/console.c
index d849860..8acc242 100644
--- a/console.c
+++ b/console.c
@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ printint(int xx, int base, int sgn)
   if(sgn && xx < 0){
     neg = 1;
     x = 0 - xx;
-  } else {
+  }else{
     x = xx;
   }
 
-  do {
+  do{
     buf[i++] = digits[x % base];
-  } while((x /= base) != 0);
+  }while((x /= base) != 0);
   if(neg)
     buf[i++] = '-';
 
diff --git a/fs.c b/fs.c
index 732b721..3521881 100644
--- a/fs.c
+++ b/fs.c
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ void
 iput(struct inode *ip)
 {
   acquire(&icache.lock);
-  if(ip->ref == 1 && (ip->flags & I_VALID) && ip->nlink == 0) {
+  if(ip->ref == 1 && (ip->flags & I_VALID) && ip->nlink == 0){
     // inode is no longer used: truncate and free inode.
     if(ip->flags & I_BUSY)
       panic("iput busy");
@@ -273,10 +273,10 @@ ialloc(uint dev, short type)
   struct superblock sb;
 
   readsb(dev, &sb);
-  for(inum = 1; inum < sb.ninodes; inum++) {  // loop over inode blocks
+  for(inum = 1; inum < sb.ninodes; inum++){  // loop over inode blocks
     bp = bread(dev, IBLOCK(inum));
     dip = (struct dinode*)bp->data + inum%IPB;
-    if(dip->type == 0) {  // a free inode
+    if(dip->type == 0){  // a free inode
       memset(dip, 0, sizeof(*dip));
       dip->type = type;
       bwrite(bp);   // mark it allocated on the disk
@@ -323,8 +323,8 @@ bmap(struct inode *ip, uint bn, int alloc)
   uint addr, *a;
   struct buf *bp;
 
-  if(bn < NDIRECT) {
-    if((addr = ip->addrs[bn]) == 0) {
+  if(bn < NDIRECT){
+    if((addr = ip->addrs[bn]) == 0){
       if(!alloc)
         return -1;
       ip->addrs[bn] = addr = balloc(ip->dev);
@@ -333,9 +333,9 @@ bmap(struct inode *ip, uint bn, int alloc)
   }
   bn -= NDIRECT;
 
-  if(bn < NINDIRECT) {
+  if(bn < NINDIRECT){
     // Load indirect block, allocating if necessary.
-    if((addr = ip->addrs[INDIRECT]) == 0) {
+    if((addr = ip->addrs[INDIRECT]) == 0){
       if(!alloc)
         return -1;
       ip->addrs[INDIRECT] = addr = balloc(ip->dev);
@@ -343,8 +343,8 @@ bmap(struct inode *ip, uint bn, int alloc)
     bp = bread(ip->dev, addr);
     a = (uint*)bp->data;
   
-    if((addr = a[bn]) == 0) {
-      if(!alloc) {
+    if((addr = a[bn]) == 0){
+      if(!alloc){
         brelse(bp);
         return -1;
       }
@@ -367,17 +367,17 @@ itrunc(struct inode *ip)
   struct buf *bp;
   uint *a;
 
-  for(i = 0; i < NDIRECT; i++) {
-    if(ip->addrs[i]) {
+  for(i = 0; i < NDIRECT; i++){
+    if(ip->addrs[i]){
       bfree(ip->dev, ip->addrs[i]);
       ip->addrs[i] = 0;
     }
   }
   
-  if(ip->addrs[INDIRECT]) {
+  if(ip->addrs[INDIRECT]){
     bp = bread(ip->dev, ip->addrs[INDIRECT]);
     a = (uint*)bp->data;
-    for(j = 0; j < NINDIRECT; j++) {
+    for(j = 0; j < NINDIRECT; j++){
       if(a[j])
         bfree(ip->dev, a[j]);
     }
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ readi(struct inode *ip, char *dst, uint off, uint n)
   uint tot, m;
   struct buf *bp;
 
-  if(ip->type == T_DEV) {
+  if(ip->type == T_DEV){
     if(ip->major < 0 || ip->major >= NDEV || !devsw[ip->major].read)
       return -1;
     return devsw[ip->major].read(ip, dst, n);
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ readi(struct inode *ip, char *dst, uint off, uint n)
   if(off + n > ip->size)
     n = ip->size - off;
 
-  for(tot=0; tot<n; tot+=m, off+=m, dst+=m) {
+  for(tot=0; tot<n; tot+=m, off+=m, dst+=m){
     bp = bread(ip->dev, bmap(ip, off/BSIZE, 0));
     m = min(n - tot, BSIZE - off%BSIZE);
     memmove(dst, bp->data + off%BSIZE, m);
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ writei(struct inode *ip, char *src, uint off, uint n)
   uint tot, m;
   struct buf *bp;
 
-  if(ip->type == T_DEV) {
+  if(ip->type == T_DEV){
     if(ip->major < 0 || ip->major >= NDEV || !devsw[ip->major].write)
       return -1;
     return devsw[ip->major].write(ip, src, n);
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ writei(struct inode *ip, char *src, uint off, uint n)
   if(off + n > MAXFILE*BSIZE)
     n = MAXFILE*BSIZE - off;
 
-  for(tot=0; tot<n; tot+=m, off+=m, src+=m) {
+  for(tot=0; tot<n; tot+=m, off+=m, src+=m){
     bp = bread(ip->dev, bmap(ip, off/BSIZE, 1));
     m = min(n - tot, BSIZE - off%BSIZE);
     memmove(bp->data + off%BSIZE, src, m);
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ writei(struct inode *ip, char *src, uint off, uint n)
     brelse(bp);
   }
 
-  if(n > 0 && off > ip->size) {
+  if(n > 0 && off > ip->size){
     ip->size = off;
     iupdate(ip);
   }
diff --git a/kbd.c b/kbd.c
index a4dd381..6f5970f 100644
--- a/kbd.c
+++ b/kbd.c
@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ kbd_getc(void)
     return -1;
   data = inb(KBDATAP);
 
-  if(data == 0xE0) {
+  if(data == 0xE0){
     shift |= E0ESC;
     return 0;
-  } else if(data & 0x80) {
+  }else if(data & 0x80){
     // Key released
     data = (shift & E0ESC ? data : data & 0x7F);
     shift &= ~(shiftcode[data] | E0ESC);
     return 0;
-  } else if(shift & E0ESC) {
+  }else if(shift & E0ESC){
     // Last character was an E0 escape; or with 0x80
     data |= 0x80;
     shift &= ~E0ESC;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ kbd_getc(void)
   shift |= shiftcode[data];
   shift ^= togglecode[data];
   c = charcode[shift & (CTL | SHIFT)][data];
-  if(shift & CAPSLOCK) {
+  if(shift & CAPSLOCK){
     if('a' <= c && c <= 'z')
       c += 'A' - 'a';
     else if('A' <= c && c <= 'Z')
diff --git a/mkdir.c b/mkdir.c
index ac2c7a6..6e4c954 100644
--- a/mkdir.c
+++ b/mkdir.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
   }
 
   for(i = 1; i < argc; i++){
-    if(mkdir(argv[i]) < 0) {
+    if(mkdir(argv[i]) < 0){
       printf(2, "mkdir: %s failed to create\n", argv[i]);
       break;
     }
diff --git a/mp.c b/mp.c
index 563a401..5298ccc 100644
--- a/mp.c
+++ b/mp.c
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ mp_init(void)
     }
   }
 
-  if(mp->imcrp) {
+  if(mp->imcrp){
     // Bochs doesn't support IMCR, so this doesn't run on Bochs.
     // But it would on real hardware.
     outb(0x22, 0x70);   // Select IMCR
diff --git a/pipe.c b/pipe.c
index 43f623a..c2c9d75 100644
--- a/pipe.c
+++ b/pipe.c
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pipeclose(struct pipe *p, int writable)
   if(writable){
     p->writeopen = 0;
     wakeup(&p->readp);
-  } else {
+  }else{
     p->readopen = 0;
     wakeup(&p->writep);
   }
diff --git a/printf.c b/printf.c
index ad9c758..a5c660a 100644
--- a/printf.c
+++ b/printf.c
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ printint(int fd, int xx, int base, int sgn)
   if(sgn && xx < 0){
     neg = 1;
     x = -xx;
-  } else {
+  }else{
     x = xx;
   }
 
   i = 0;
-  do {
+  do{
     buf[i++] = digits[x % base];
-  } while((x /= base) != 0);
+  }while((x /= base) != 0);
   if(neg)
     buf[i++] = '-';
 
@@ -50,17 +50,17 @@ printf(int fd, char *fmt, ...)
     if(state == 0){
       if(c == '%'){
         state = '%';
-      } else {
+      }else{
         putc(fd, c);
       }
-    } else if(state == '%'){
+    }else if(state == '%'){
       if(c == 'd'){
         printint(fd, *ap, 10, 1);
         ap++;
-      } else if(c == 'x' || c == 'p'){
+      }else if(c == 'x' || c == 'p'){
         printint(fd, *ap, 16, 0);
         ap++;
-      } else if(c == 's'){
+      }else if(c == 's'){
         s = (char*)*ap;
         ap++;
         if(s == 0)
@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ printf(int fd, char *fmt, ...)
           putc(fd, *s);
           s++;
         }
-      } else if(c == 'c'){
+      }else if(c == 'c'){
         putc(fd, *ap);
         ap++;
-      } else if(c == '%'){
+      }else if(c == '%'){
         putc(fd, c);
-      } else {
+      }else{
         // Unknown % sequence.  Print it to draw attention.
         putc(fd, '%');
         putc(fd, c);
diff --git a/proc.c b/proc.c
index 3991832..2bd4215 100644
--- a/proc.c
+++ b/proc.c
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ setupsegs(struct proc *p)
   if(p){
     c->gdt[SEG_UCODE] = SEG(STA_X|STA_R, (uint)p->mem, p->sz-1, DPL_USER);
     c->gdt[SEG_UDATA] = SEG(STA_W, (uint)p->mem, p->sz-1, DPL_USER);
-  } else {
+  }else{
     c->gdt[SEG_UCODE] = SEG_NULL;
     c->gdt[SEG_UDATA] = SEG_NULL;
   }
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ procdump(void)
   char *state;
   uint pc[10];
   
-  for(i = 0; i < NPROC; i++) {
+  for(i = 0; i < NPROC; i++){
     p = &proc[i];
     if(p->state == UNUSED)
       continue;
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ procdump(void)
     else
       state = "???";
     cprintf("%d %s %s", p->pid, state, p->name);
-    if(p->state == SLEEPING) {
+    if(p->state == SLEEPING){
       getcallerpcs((uint*)p->context.ebp+2, pc);
       for(j=0; j<10 && pc[j] != 0; j++)
         cprintf(" %p", pc[j]);
diff --git a/rm.c b/rm.c
index 0306f11..4fd33c8 100644
--- a/rm.c
+++ b/rm.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
   }
 
   for(i = 1; i < argc; i++){
-    if(unlink(argv[i]) < 0) {
+    if(unlink(argv[i]) < 0){
       printf(2, "rm: %s failed to delete\n", argv[i]);
       break;
     }
diff --git a/sh.c b/sh.c
index 3e596ba..7a7c4c2 100644
--- a/sh.c
+++ b/sh.c
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ main(void)
   }
   
   // Read and run input commands.
-  while(getcmd(buf, sizeof(buf)) >= 0) {
+  while(getcmd(buf, sizeof(buf)) >= 0){
     if(fork1() == 0)
       runcmd(parsecmd(buf));
     wait();
diff --git a/string.c b/string.c
index 5720245..0cab242 100644
--- a/string.c
+++ b/string.c
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ memcmp(const void *v1, const void *v2, uint n)
   
   s1 = v1;
   s2 = v2;
-  while(n-- > 0) {
+  while(n-- > 0){
     if(*s1 != *s2)
       return *s1 - *s2;
     s1++, s2++;
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ memmove(void *dst, const void *src, uint n)
 
   s = src;
   d = dst;
-  if(s < d && s + n > d) {
+  if(s < d && s + n > d){
     s += n;
     d += n;
     while(n-- > 0)
       *--d = *--s;
-  } else
+  }else
     while(n-- > 0)
       *d++ = *s++;
 
diff --git a/syscall.c b/syscall.c
index 2a037d1..bd0ed02 100644
--- a/syscall.c
+++ b/syscall.c
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ syscall(void)
   num = cp->tf->eax;
   if(num >= 0 && num < NELEM(syscalls) && syscalls[num])
     cp->tf->eax = syscalls[num]();
-  else {
+  else{
     cprintf("%d %s: unknown sys call %d\n",
             cp->pid, cp->name, num);
     cp->tf->eax = -1;
diff --git a/sysfile.c b/sysfile.c
index 0b7cb9e..400d395 100644
--- a/sysfile.c
+++ b/sysfile.c
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ sys_chdir(void)
   if(argstr(0, &path) < 0 || (ip = namei(path)) == 0)
     return -1;
   ilock(ip);
-  if(ip->type != T_DIR) {
+  if(ip->type != T_DIR){
     iunlockput(ip);
     return -1;
   }
diff --git a/trap.c b/trap.c
index ab5b7cc..3120994 100644
--- a/trap.c
+++ b/trap.c
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ trap(struct trapframe *tf)
     break;
     
   default:
-    if(cp == 0) {
+    if(cp == 0){
       // Otherwise it's our mistake.
       cprintf("unexpected trap %d from cpu %d eip %x\n",
               tf->trapno, cpu(), tf->eip);
diff --git a/umalloc.c b/umalloc.c
index 401ee6a..ca31aa7 100644
--- a/umalloc.c
+++ b/umalloc.c
@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ free(void *ap)
   for(p = freep; !(bp > p && bp < p->s.ptr); p = p->s.ptr)
     if(p >= p->s.ptr && (bp > p || bp < p->s.ptr))
       break;
-  if(bp + bp->s.size == p->s.ptr) {
+  if(bp + bp->s.size == p->s.ptr){
     bp->s.size += p->s.ptr->s.size;
     bp->s.ptr = p->s.ptr->s.ptr;
-  } else
+  }else
     bp->s.ptr = p->s.ptr;
-  if(p + p->s.size == bp) {
+  if(p + p->s.size == bp){
     p->s.size += bp->s.size;
     p->s.ptr = bp->s.ptr;
-  } else
+  }else
     p->s.ptr = bp;
   freep = p;
 }
@@ -67,15 +67,15 @@ malloc(uint nbytes)
   uint nunits;
 
   nunits = (nbytes + sizeof(Header) - 1)/sizeof(Header) + 1;
-  if((prevp = freep) == 0) {
+  if((prevp = freep) == 0){
     base.s.ptr = freep = prevp = &base;
     base.s.size = 0;
   }
-  for(p = prevp->s.ptr; ; prevp = p, p = p->s.ptr) {
-    if(p->s.size >= nunits) {
+  for(p = prevp->s.ptr; ; prevp = p, p = p->s.ptr){
+    if(p->s.size >= nunits){
       if(p->s.size == nunits)
         prevp->s.ptr = p->s.ptr;
-      else {
+      else{
         p->s.size -= nunits;
         p += p->s.size;
         p->s.size = nunits;
diff --git a/wc.c b/wc.c
index eb25e92..b728d27 100644
--- a/wc.c
+++ b/wc.c
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
   int fd, i;
 
-  if(argc <= 1) {
+  if(argc <= 1){
     wc(0, "");
     exit();
   }