diff --git a/console.c b/console.c
index 1d51a3c..a3cdf96 100644
--- a/console.c
+++ b/console.c
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ consputc(int c)
       ;
   }
 
-  if (c == BACKSPACE) {
+  if(c == BACKSPACE){
     uartputc('\b');
     uartputc(' ');
     uartputc('\b');
diff --git a/main.c b/main.c
index cb6e6ce..8ddf261 100644
--- a/main.c
+++ b/main.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ void
 jkstack(void)
 {
   char *kstack = kalloc();
-  if (!kstack)
+  if(!kstack)
     panic("jkstack\n");
   char *top = kstack + PGSIZE;
   asm volatile("movl %0,%%esp" : : "r" (top));
diff --git a/proc.c b/proc.c
index 0dc77b8..375b1bb 100644
--- a/proc.c
+++ b/proc.c
@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ userinit(void)
   
   p = allocproc();
   initproc = p;
-  if (!(p->pgdir = setupkvm()))
+  if(!(p->pgdir = setupkvm()))
     panic("userinit: out of memory?");
-  if (!allocuvm(p->pgdir, 0x0, (int)_binary_initcode_size))
+  if(!allocuvm(p->pgdir, 0x0, (int)_binary_initcode_size))
     panic("userinit: out of memory?");
   inituvm(p->pgdir, 0x0, _binary_initcode_start,
           (int)_binary_initcode_size);
@@ -144,10 +144,10 @@ int
 growproc(int n)
 {
   if(n > 0){
-    if (!allocuvm(proc->pgdir, (char *)proc->sz, n))
+    if(!allocuvm(proc->pgdir, (char *)proc->sz, n))
       return -1;
   } else if(n < 0){
-    if (!deallocuvm(proc->pgdir, (char *)(proc->sz + n), 0 - n))
+    if(!deallocuvm(proc->pgdir, (char *)(proc->sz + n), 0 - n))
       return -1;
   }
   proc->sz += n;
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ fork(void)
     return -1;
 
   // Copy process state from p.
-  if (!(np->pgdir = copyuvm(proc->pgdir, proc->sz))) {
+  if(!(np->pgdir = copyuvm(proc->pgdir, proc->sz))){
     kfree(np->kstack);
     np->kstack = 0;
     np->state = UNUSED;
diff --git a/stressfs.c b/stressfs.c
index 21a5d16..43f312b 100644
--- a/stressfs.c
+++ b/stressfs.c
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
   int i;
   printf(1, "stressfs starting\n");
 
-  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-    if (fork() > 0) {
+  for(i = 0; i < 4; i++){
+    if(fork() > 0){
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
   char path[] = "stressfs0";
   path[8] += i;
   int fd = open(path, O_CREATE | O_RDWR);
-  for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+  for(i = 0; i < 100; i++)
     printf(fd, "%d\n", i);
   close(fd);
 
diff --git a/usertests.c b/usertests.c
index 7ec03fc..946565f 100644
--- a/usertests.c
+++ b/usertests.c
@@ -1342,28 +1342,28 @@ sbrktest(void)
     printf(1, "pipe() failed\n");
     exit();
   }
-  for (i = 0; i < sizeof(pids)/sizeof(pids[0]); i++){
-    if ((pids[i] = fork()) == 0) {
+  for(i = 0; i < sizeof(pids)/sizeof(pids[0]); i++){
+    if((pids[i] = fork()) == 0) {
       // allocate the full 640K
       sbrk((640 * 1024) - (uint)sbrk(0));
       write(fds[1], "x", 1);
       // sit around until killed
-      while (1) sleep(1000);
+      for(;;) sleep(1000);
     }
     char scratch;
-    if (pids[i] != -1)
+    if(pids[i] != -1)
       read(fds[0], &scratch, 1);
   }
   // if those failed allocations freed up the pages they did allocate,
   // we'll be able to allocate here
   c = sbrk(4096);
-  for (i = 0; i < sizeof(pids)/sizeof(pids[0]); i++){
-    if (pids[i] == -1)
+  for(i = 0; i < sizeof(pids)/sizeof(pids[0]); i++){
+    if(pids[i] == -1)
       continue;
     kill(pids[i]);
     wait();
   }
-  if (c == (char*)0xffffffff) {
+  if(c == (char*)0xffffffff) {
     printf(stdout, "failed sbrk leaked memory\n");
     exit();
   }
diff --git a/vm.c b/vm.c
index c3601a4..2f2b238 100644
--- a/vm.c
+++ b/vm.c
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ walkpgdir(pde_t *pgdir, const void *va, int create)
   pte_t *pgtab;
 
   pde = &pgdir[PDX(va)];
-  if (*pde & PTE_P) {
+  if(*pde & PTE_P){
     pgtab = (pte_t*) PTE_ADDR(*pde);
-  } else if (!create || !(r = (uint) kalloc()))
+  } else if(!create || !(r = (uint) kalloc()))
     return 0;
   else {
     pgtab = (pte_t*) r;
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ switchuvm(struct proc *p)
   cpu->ts.esp0 = (uint)proc->kstack + KSTACKSIZE;
   ltr(SEG_TSS << 3);
 
-  if (p->pgdir == 0)
+  if(p->pgdir == 0)
     panic("switchuvm: no pgdir\n");
 
   lcr3(PADDR(p->pgdir));  // switch to new address space
@@ -149,17 +149,17 @@ setupkvm(void)
   pde_t *pgdir;
 
   // Allocate page directory
-  if (!(pgdir = (pde_t *) kalloc()))
+  if(!(pgdir = (pde_t *) kalloc()))
     return 0;
   memset(pgdir, 0, PGSIZE);
   // Map IO space from 640K to 1Mbyte
-  if (!mappages(pgdir, (void *)USERTOP, 0x60000, USERTOP, PTE_W))
+  if(!mappages(pgdir, (void *)USERTOP, 0x60000, USERTOP, PTE_W))
     return 0;
   // Map kernel and free memory pool
-  if (!mappages(pgdir, (void *)0x100000, PHYSTOP-0x100000, 0x100000, PTE_W))
+  if(!mappages(pgdir, (void *)0x100000, PHYSTOP-0x100000, 0x100000, PTE_W))
     return 0;
   // Map devices such as ioapic, lapic, ...
-  if (!mappages(pgdir, (void *)0xFE000000, 0x2000000, 0xFE000000, PTE_W))
+  if(!mappages(pgdir, (void *)0xFE000000, 0x2000000, 0xFE000000, PTE_W))
     return 0;
   return pgdir;
 }
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ char*
 uva2ka(pde_t *pgdir, char *uva)
 {    
   pte_t *pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, uva, 0);
-  if (pte == 0) return 0;
+  if(pte == 0) return 0;
   uint pa = PTE_ADDR(*pte);
   return (char *)pa;
 }
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ uva2ka(pde_t *pgdir, char *uva)
 int
 allocuvm(pde_t *pgdir, char *addr, uint sz)
 {
-  if (addr + sz > (char*)USERTOP)
+  if(addr + sz > (char*)USERTOP)
     return 0;
   char *first = PGROUNDDOWN(addr);
   char *last = PGROUNDDOWN(addr + sz - 1);
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ allocuvm(pde_t *pgdir, char *addr, uint sz)
 int
 deallocuvm(pde_t *pgdir, char *addr, uint sz)
 {
-  if (addr + sz > (char*)USERTOP)
+  if(addr + sz > (char*)USERTOP)
     return 0;
   char *first = (char*) PGROUNDUP((uint)addr);
   char *last = PGROUNDDOWN(addr + sz - 1);
@@ -237,17 +237,17 @@ freevm(pde_t *pgdir)
 {
   uint i, j, da;
 
-  if (!pgdir)
+  if(!pgdir)
     panic("freevm: no pgdir\n");
-  for (i = 0; i < NPDENTRIES; i++) {
+  for(i = 0; i < NPDENTRIES; i++){
     da = PTE_ADDR(pgdir[i]);
-    if (da != 0) {
+    if(da != 0){
       pte_t *pgtab = (pte_t*) da;
-      for (j = 0; j < NPTENTRIES; j++) {
-        if (pgtab[j] != 0) {
+      for(j = 0; j < NPTENTRIES; j++){
+        if(pgtab[j] != 0){
           uint pa = PTE_ADDR(pgtab[j]);
           uint va = PGADDR(i, j, 0);
-          if (va < USERTOP)   // user memory
+          if(va < USERTOP)   // user memory
             kfree((void *) pa);
           pgtab[j] = 0;
         }
@@ -265,13 +265,13 @@ loaduvm(pde_t *pgdir, char *addr, struct inode *ip, uint offset, uint sz)
   uint i, pa, n;
   pte_t *pte;
 
-  if ((uint)addr % PGSIZE != 0)
+  if((uint)addr % PGSIZE != 0)
     panic("loaduvm: addr must be page aligned\n");
-  for (i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE) {
-    if (!(pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, addr+i, 0)))
+  for(i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE){
+    if(!(pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, addr+i, 0)))
       panic("loaduvm: address should exist\n");
     pa = PTE_ADDR(*pte);
-    if (sz - i < PGSIZE) n = sz - i;
+    if(sz - i < PGSIZE) n = sz - i;
     else n = PGSIZE;
     if(readi(ip, (char *)pa, offset+i, n) != n)
       return 0;
@@ -285,12 +285,12 @@ inituvm(pde_t *pgdir, char *addr, char *init, uint sz)
   uint i, pa, n, off;
   pte_t *pte;
 
-  for (i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE) {
-    if (!(pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, (void *)(i+addr), 0)))
+  for(i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE){
+    if(!(pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, (void *)(i+addr), 0)))
       panic("inituvm: pte should exist\n");
     off = (i+(uint)addr) % PGSIZE;
     pa = PTE_ADDR(*pte);
-    if (sz - i < PGSIZE) n = sz - i;
+    if(sz - i < PGSIZE) n = sz - i;
     else n = PGSIZE;
     memmove((char *)pa+off, init+i, n);
   }
@@ -306,16 +306,16 @@ copyuvm(pde_t *pgdir, uint sz)
   uint pa, i;
   char *mem;
 
-  if (!d) return 0;
-  for (i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE) {
-    if (!(pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, (void *)i, 0)))
+  if(!d) return 0;
+  for(i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE){
+    if(!(pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, (void *)i, 0)))
       panic("copyuvm: pte should exist\n");
     if(*pte & PTE_P){
       pa = PTE_ADDR(*pte);
-      if (!(mem = kalloc()))
+      if(!(mem = kalloc()))
         goto bad;
       memmove(mem, (char *)pa, PGSIZE);
-      if (!mappages(d, (void *)i, PGSIZE, PADDR(mem), PTE_W|PTE_U))
+      if(!mappages(d, (void *)i, PGSIZE, PADDR(mem), PTE_W|PTE_U))
         goto bad;
     }
   }