Presentation for effect systems meetup

https://hasgeek.com/fpindia/effect-systems-reading-group/

effects-may20-2023/Makefile

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+all:
+	make slide slideshow
+
+slide:
+	pandoc -t beamer --include-in-header=./style.tex effects-freer-monads.md -f markdown-implicit_figures -V colorlinks=true -V linkcolor=blue -V urlcolor=red -o effects-freer-monads.pdf
+
+slideshow:
+	pandoc -t beamer --include-in-header=./style.tex effects-freer-monads.md -f markdown-implicit_figures -V colorlinks=true -V linkcolor=blue -V urlcolor=red -i -o effects-freer-monads-slideshow.pdf
+
+view:
+	zathura --mode=presentation effects-freer-monads.pdf &

effects-may20-2023/effects-freer-monads.md

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+---
+title: 
+- Effect Systems in Haskell - Part I
+author:
+- Sanchayan Maity
+institute:
+- asymptotic.io
+theme:
+- default
+classoption:
+- aspectratio=169
+---
+
+# Agenda
+
+- Cover two papers on Effect Systems by Oleg Kiselyov
+    * Extensible Effects - An Alternative to Monad Transformers
+    * Freer Monads, More Extensible Effects
+- Another related paper `Reflection Without Remorse` as a prerequisite
+- Some sections today's discussion isn't going to cover
+    * Efficiency/Performance of the library or effect system itself
+    * For the sake of time, focus more on Freer Monads paper
+    * Comparison of effect system libraries or how to choose one
+
+# Why effect systems
+
+- Monads to model effects but monads don't compose[^1]
+- transformers/mtl has limitations
+    * Monad transformer stacks are rigid
+    * Doesn't allow handling something like `Reader Int (Reader String)` due to functional dependencies
+    ```haskell
+    class Monad m => MonadReader r m | m -> r
+    ```
+    * More than a few effects in stack become unwieldy
+    * n-square instances problem
+
+[^1]: [Composing Monads by Mark Jones and Luc Duponcheel](https://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~mpj/pubs/RR-1004.pdf)
+
+# Effect system libraries
+
+- `freer-simple` based on Extensible Effects and Freer Monads, More Extensible Effects by Oleg Kiselyov
+- `polysemy` based on Effect Handlers in Scope by Wu, Schrijvers et al
+- `fused-effects` based on Fusion for Free: Efficient Algebraic Effect Handlers by Wu, Schrijvers et al
+- `cleff` based on `ReaderT IO`
+- `effectful` based on `ReaderT IO`
+- others?
+
+# Free monads 
+
+Given a `Functor f`, `Free f` is a `Free` monad.
+
+```haskell
+data Term f a = Pure a
+              | Impure (f (Term f a))
+```
+
+A Monad is something that "computes" when monadic context is collapsed by `join :: m (m a) -> m a` (recalling that `>>=` can be defined as `x >>= y = join (fmap y x))`. This is how Monads carry context through a sequential chain of computations: because at each point in the series, the context from the previous call is collapsed with the next.
+
+A free monad satisfies all the Monad laws, but doesn't do any collapsing (that's the computation). It just builds up a nested series of contexts. The user who creates such a free monadic value is responsible for doing something with those nested contexts, so that the meaning of such a composition can be deferred until after the monadic value has been created.[^2]
+
+[^2]: John Wiegley on [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/a/13388966).
+
+# Free monads performance
+
+- Vanilla free monads don't have great performance.
+- Solutions like Codensity monad transformer and Church encoded free monad exist.[^3][^4]
+
+```haskell
+newtype FT f m a =
+FT { runFT :: forall r. (a -> m r) -> (forall x. (x -> m r) -> f x -> m r) -> m r }
+```
+
+[^3]: Asymptotic Improvement of Computations over Free Monads - Janis Voigtländer
+[^4]: [The Free and The Furious: And by 'Furious' I mean Codensity. - raichoo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiIZlX_k89Y)
+
+# Reflection without remorse
+
+- A left associated expression is asymptotically slower than the equivalent right associated expression. $O(n^2)$ vs $O(n)$ respectively.
+- What's meant by reflection? Build and observe.
+- Efficient data structures give asymptotic improvement for problematic occurrences of build and observe pattern like monads and monadic reflection.
+
+# Extensible effects
+
+- Defines only one effect `Eff`
+- Type level list of effects
+- What does it mean to be extensible?
+
+# Freer monads
+
+- Improves on extensible effects
+- How?
+    * Relaxes the `Functor` constraint, becoming `Freer`!
+    * No need for `Functor` and `Typeable` on `Union`
+- `freer` and `freer-simple` are based on `Freer` monads
+
+# Resources
+
+- [Why Free monads matter](https://www.haskellforall.com/2012/06/you-could-have-invented-free-monads.html)
+- [Free monad considered harmful](https://markkarpov.com/post/free-monad-considered-harmful.html)
+- [Building real-world Haskell applications using Tagless-Final and ReaderT](https://fpunfold.com/2023/01/30/final-tagless-readert.html)
+- [when to use CPS vs codensity vs reflection without remorse](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45334985/when-to-use-cps-vs-codensity-vs-reflection-without-remorse-in-haskell)
+- [ReaderT pattern is just extensible effects](https://xn--i2r.xn--rhqv96g/2022/02/03/readert-is-extensible-effects/)
+- [My Effects Bibliography](https://www.dantb.dev/posts/effects-bibliography/)
+- [Effects Bibliography](https://github.com/yallop/effects-bibliography)
+
+# Questions?
+
+- Reach out on
+  * Email: sanchayan@sanchayanmaity.net
+  * Mastodon: https://sanchayanmaity.com/@sanchayan 
+  * Blog: sanchayanmaity.net
+  * Telegram: t.me/SanchayanMaity

effects-may20-2023/style.tex

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+\logo{\includegraphics[height=0.5cm]{../images/Haskell.jpg}\vspace{220pt}\hspace{8pt}}