969 lines
33 KiB
Groff
969 lines
33 KiB
Groff
.TH USAGE 8
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.SH NAME
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usage \- installing and using MINIX
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.de SP
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.if t .sp 0.4
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.if n .sp
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..
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.de XB \" An example in bold print.
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.RS
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.nf
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.ft B
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\&\\$1
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.ft R
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.fi
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.RE
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..
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.de 3A \" Three Letter Acronym at 1 point size smaller.
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\&\\$3\s-1\\$1\s+1\\$2
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..
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.de 3B \" TLA in bold.
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\&\\$3\fB\s-1\\$1\s+1\fR\\$2
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..
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This manual page describes the installation and use of MINIX from a
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System Administrators point of view. It contains an installation guide,
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instructions on how to do the initial configuration and some other info.
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Please read this document entirely before attempting to install MINIX.
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The installation steps are in the proper order, but not all the
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information you may need is presented at the right moment.
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Other detailed information that may be useful can be found in
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.BR boot (8),
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.BR hier (7),
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and in
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.BR dosminix (8)
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if you run MINIX under DOS.
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.SS "1. MINIX UNDER DOS"
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Installation of MINIX to run under DOS is a nonevent. Chances are, you are
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reading this manual page from an already running MINIX system, but if not
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then the setup goes like this:
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.PP
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Unpack the DOSMINIX.ZIP file using one of the popular ZIP utilities, such as
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PKZIP or WinZIP. Next reboot Windows and hit F8 just when you see the
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"Booting Windows" message. From the menu that appears choose "Command
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prompt only", or if that doesn't work "Safe mode command prompt only". Under
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Windows Me you can use a startup disk to boot the PC into DOS. Move
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to the directory containing the MINIX files and type:
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.PP
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.XB "boot minix.mnx"
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.PP
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Type '=' and presto, you are running MINIX. Most of the rest of this manual,
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which deals mainly with running MINIX in a true hard disk partition, does
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not apply to you. Your system is already installed completely, with all
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binaries and sources present, so all the talk about getting MINIX on your
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disk can be skimmed over. Pay attention again when the focus shifts to the
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configuration of the system. Section 9 is where this happens first. (The
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main challange to a DOS installation is to figure out which parts of the
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installation manual do not apply.)
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.SS "2. REQUIREMENTS"
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The minimum system MINIX can be installed on comfortably is an IBM PC/AT
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or PS/2 with a 286 processor, 2 MB memory, a 720 kb diskette drive, and 35
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MB free space on an AT,
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ESDI, or SCSI hard disk (the latter controlled by an Adaptec 1540.) MINIX
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for the 386 (MINIX-386 for short) can be installed on a machine with at
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least a 386sx processor, 3 MB memory and at least 35 MB of disk space.
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.PP
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The minimum system MINIX can be installed on
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.BR un comfortably
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is an IBM PC/XT with 640 kb memory. MINIX-386 can more or less run in 2
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MB memory. See sections 16 and 17 on "low memory" issues.
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.SS "3. MINIX INSTALLATION BACKGROUND"
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The objective of the installation is to create a partition on your disk
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and to put MINIX into it. MINIX really requires at least two partitions
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however, so the single "primary" partition is split into two or three
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subpartitions.
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The
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.B s0
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subpartition will contain the root file system, the
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.B s1
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subpartition may optionally contain swapspace, and the
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.B s2
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subpartition will contain the
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.B /usr
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file system. What Windows calls
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"drives", i.e C:, D:, E:, MINIX calls "file systems". MINIX does not use
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drive letters, but requires that one file system is made a part of another
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file system by "mounting" one on the other. The "root" file system is
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always present and starts with the directory "/", the root of the directory
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tree. The root file system contains a few programs in
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.BR /bin ,
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device files in
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.BR /dev ,
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and configuration files in
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.BR /etc .
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This is just enough to get the system started. MINIX will soon extend
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its directory tree by mounting a file system on the
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.B /usr
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directory. What is henceforth known as the /usr file system contains all
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MINIX programs in
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.BR /usr/bin ,
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file system sources in
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.BR /usr/src ,
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etc, etc.
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The \s-2ROOT.MNX\s+2 image contains the complete MINIX root file system, but
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\s-2USR\s+2 contains just a small subset of the /usr file system, with just
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enough utilities to install MINIX. The complete /usr file system is
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split up into the \s-2USR.TAZ\s+2, \s-2SYS.TAZ\s+2 and \s-2CMD.TAZ\s+2
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archives that are installed later to fill /usr.
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.PP
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Let's suppose your first hard disk, which has
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device name
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.BR /dev/c0d0 ,
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has Windows already present in the first primary partition
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.RB ( /dev/c0d0p0 ),
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and some free space left after that. After MINIX is installed in that
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free space the disk will look like this:
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.PP
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.nf
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.in +4n
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.ta +\w'/dev/c0d0p1s0mmmm'u
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/dev/c0d0 Whole hard disk #0
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/dev/c0d0p0 Windows C: drive
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/dev/c0d0p1 MINIX primary partition
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/dev/c0d0p1s0 MINIX root partition
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/dev/c0d0p1s1 MINIX swap partition (optional)
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/dev/c0d0p1s2 MINIX /usr partition
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.in -8n
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.fi
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.PP
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/dev/c0d0 is the sum of a partition table, /dev/c0d0p0 and /dev/c0d0p1.
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Likewise is /dev/c0d0p1 the sum of a subpartition table, /dev/c0d0p1s0 and
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/dev/c0d0p1s2. Read the "DEVICES" sections for more information on MINIX
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devices.
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.SS "4. INSTALLATION"
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.ig \" Only relevant when on CD-ROM.
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If you have not already copied MINIX to floppy disks, please read
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the README.TXT file in the MINIX directory now, for it tells how to do this.
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You should also print out EXAMPLE.TXT and read it in parallel with this
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document. This one tells you what to do; that one shows you what the
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screen is supposed to look like at each step, so you can see if everything
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is OK.
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.PP
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..
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You can install MINIX automatically or manually as described in the sections
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below. The end result is the same, but manual installation allows
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one to deviate from the preconfigured choices. You may wish to read the
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manual pages of the programs used below before you start. You may especially
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want to read
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.BR boot (8)
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if your machine is different from what the majority buys, because you
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may need to set a few boot parameters to configure drivers. To do this type
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.B ESC
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to get to the Boot Monitor prompt, set the appropriate variables, use
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.B save
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to store the settings and
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.B menu
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to continue where you left off.
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.PP
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To install the system you need two diskettes: a bootable root diskette and a
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diskette full of binaries to use as
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.BR /usr .
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These diskettes are named
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.B \s-2ROOT\s+2
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and
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.BR \s-2USR\s+2 .
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These two diskettes may also be combined on a single high density diskette.
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In that case the \s-2USR\s+2 part is on the
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.B p2
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partition.
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.PP
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Insert the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette, boot the machine and type '=' to the menu.
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The MINIX kernel is loaded and takes control when you see the copyright
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banner. After loading the root diskette into the RAM disk you will be asked
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to finish the name of the device to mount on
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.BR /usr .
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Type
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.BR fd0p2
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for a diskette that contains both \s-2ROOT\s+2 and \s-2USR\s+2, otherwise
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replace \s-2ROOT\s+2 by \s-2USR\s+2 and type
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.BR fd0 .
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Login as
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.BR root .
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.SS "5. AUTOMATIC INSTALLATION"
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Before starting the installation, you must either have a free partition
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available or have at least 35 MB not in any partition so you can create
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a MINIX partition.
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.PP
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Type
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.B setup
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to start the installation script. First it offers to install a national
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keyboard map. The names should be clear, except for
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.BR us-swap ,
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which swaps the CTRL and CAPS LOCK keys of a standard US style keyboard
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for people who believe that the natural place of CTRL is next to A.
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The default suggested between [ and ] is the US standard keyboard.
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.PP
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The next thing to do is to make a partition, for this you are placed in a
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partition table editor named
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.BR part .
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This partition table editor is very easy to use (in the author's opinion),
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but you will probably hate it. You can move all over the place with the
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arrow keys, change values, and make a mess of your partition table real quick.
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So if you get into trouble, type 'q' to quit, 'n' to not write the table,
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and RETURN to start over. Use the '?' key to get help.
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.PP
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With the '+' and '\-' keys you can select the disk device to install on,
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probably
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.BR /dev/c0d0 ,
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the first hard disk. Type 'r' to load the partition table of the selected
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disk. Either create one new partition by modifying a partition marked
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"None", or reuse an existing partition by changing its type to "MINIX" (hex
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code 81). DO NOT use part to shrink an existing partition! It will destroy
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all data in that partition. MINIX needs a partition of at least 20 MB, but
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not larger than 128 MB (MINIX-86) or 1 GB (MINIX-386). The system needs 35
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MB in compiled state.
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.PP
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The script then wants to know the name of the partition you've created. The
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partition name is probably still visible on the screen. Combined with the
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drive name you have to type c0d0p1, c0d2p0 or something.
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.PP
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The next question is the amount of swapspace you want to give MINIX. There
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will be a suggested value based on the amount of memory your system has.
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If you have more then enough memory then don't bother with swap. MINIX
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doesn't handle it very well yet, or ever, only memory starved systems need it
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so that
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.B "make world"
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can run.
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.PP
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The new partition table is reloaded into the disk driver, and the
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new MINIX partition is carved up into two or three subpartitions, a 1440 kb
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root, maybe some amount of swap, and the rest for /usr.
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.PP
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After making /usr, it is immediately put to use to replace the installation
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/usr file system so that you can remove the \s-2USR\s+2 diskette and insert
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the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette (unless they are one and the same). The root file
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system is filled with the contents of the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette and slightly
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patched up to work on the hard disk (/etc/fstab.)
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.PP
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You can now skip the next section and move to "TESTING", but it may be
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instructive to read it anyway.
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.SS "6. MANUAL INSTALLATION"
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The instructions that follow are at a very low level and require you to be
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very careful. The big advantage is that you know precisely what
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tools have been used and how everything works. The disadvantage is that
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you may easily make a mistake that either forces you to start over if you
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are lucky, or wipes out the contents of your hard disk if you are not.
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Only if you really want to do something different should you use a manual
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installation. Slavishly following the steps shown below will only make
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you end up with the same result as an automatic installation.
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.PP
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Run
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.B part
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to make partitions to load the system into. The best thing to do is to make
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one large primary partition of type "MINIX" and to carve this partition up
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into three subpartitions for root, swap and /usr. The assumption is that you
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will use the second partition on the first hard disk,
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.BR /dev/c0d0p1 ,
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and that
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.B c0d0p1s0
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is the root subpartition,
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.B c0d0p1s1
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is swap and
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.B c0d0p1s2
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is /usr. If you want to use the first partition on
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the second hard disk for instance, then substitute c0d1p0 and c0d1p0s[012] for
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the above. See the section on devices below, and the manual
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pages of
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.BR part (8)
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and
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.BR controller (4).
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Start
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.B part
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and select the disk that you
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want to install MINIX onto. In our example it will be
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.BR /dev/c0d0 .
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.PP
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Use
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.B part
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to make a single partition in the primary partition table of type "MINIX",
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then hit '>' on this new partition to make a subpartition table.
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.PP
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For the root subpartition you are advised to use 1440 kb exactly. You can
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make it larger if you want to, but it is advisable never to let the contents
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outgrow a floppy. (The \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette is a copy of a root file
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system, and will be used to fill your root subpartition.)
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.PP
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The second subpartition is for swapspace. You can use it to enlarge the
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amount of total memory (real + swap) if your system has less than 2M
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(16-bit mode) or 4M (32-bit mode). Note that only one MINIX swap partition
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is needed on your system, so if you have another MINIX partition then you can
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use its swap partition instead.
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.PP
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Use the rest of the partition for
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.BR s2 ,
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the /usr subpartition.
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.PP
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When you are done check that /dev/c0d0p1s0 is active (the * after the partition
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number) so you can boot from it later.
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.PP
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If your disk has bad blocks then don't put the root or swap subpartition
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on top of them. Make sure the inode tables in the other partitions don't
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have bad blocks either. You can put the subpartitions out of order on the
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disk if that helps. Subpartition tables, unlike the main partition
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table, are not sorted by the driver.
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.PP
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After making the partitions you do not have to reboot. The disk driver
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reloads the partition tables on the next access if the disk is not in use.
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(Open or mounted.)
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.PP
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To be able to boot from /dev/c0d0p1s0 you must place a master bootstrap in
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/dev/c0d0p1. It has been placed there by
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.B part
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if it told you that it was creating a new partition table, but
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.PP
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.XB "installboot\0\-m\0/dev/c0d0p1\0/usr/mdec/masterboot"
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.RE
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.PP
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will put it there for sure.
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.PP
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Let's start by initializing the swap partition first, if you allocated one.
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We may need it already, so mount it.
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.PP
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.XB "mkswap\0/dev/c0d0p1s1"
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.XB "mount\0\-s\0/dev/c0d0p1s1"
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.PP
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Next make a file system for on-disk /usr and copy the floppy /usr on to it.
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.PP
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.XB "mkfs\0/dev/c0d0p1s2"
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.XB "readall\0\-b\0/dev/c0d0p1s2 | sh"
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.XB "mount\0/dev/c0d0p1s2\0/mnt"
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.XB "cpdir\0\-v\0/usr\0/mnt"
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.PP
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This will create a file system on /dev/c0d0p1s2, mount it on /mnt, and copy the
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contents of the \s-2USR\s+2 floppy onto it. The call to
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.B readall
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marks bad blocks on the file system as unusable, you can omit this on a
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drive known to be spotless (\s-2IDE\s+2 or \s-2SCSI\s+2.)
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.PP
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You can now use the new /usr in place of the \s-2USR\s+2 floppy:
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.PP
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.XB "umount\0/dev/c0d0p1s2"
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.XB "umount\0/dev/fd0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0# fd0p2 if combined"
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.XB "mount\0/dev/c0d0p1s2\0/usr"
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.PP
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This little dance has freed up your floppy drive, so please remove the
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\s-2USR\s+2 diskette and replace it by the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette. Make a
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file system for the root with at least 512 inodes (files), and
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fill it from the floppy:
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.PP
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.XB "mkfs\0\-i\0512\0/dev/c0d0p1s0"
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.XB "mount\0/dev/fd0\0/fd0"
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.XB "mount\0/dev/c0d0p1s0\0/mnt"
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.XB "cpdir\0\-v\0/fd0\0/mnt"
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.XB "umount\0/dev/fd0"
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.PP
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Remove
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.B /mnt/etc/issue
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to get rid of the "use setup" message that greets you when you boot, and
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edit the file
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.B /mnt/etc/fstab
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to name the devices MINIX has been installed on. In our example it
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should look like this:
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.PP
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.XB "root=/dev/c0d0p1s0"
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.XB "swap=/dev/c0d0p1s1"
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.XB "usr=/dev/c0d0p1s2"
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.PP
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Unmount the new root:
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.PP
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.XB "umount\0/dev/c0d0p1s0"
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.PP
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Make it bootable:
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.PP
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.XB "installboot\0\-d\0/dev/c0d0p1s0\0/usr/mdec/bootblock\0boot"
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.PP
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The automatic script would now set the
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.B rootdev
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and
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.B ramimagedev
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boot variables. You can do this now using the
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.B edparams
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command, but it is easier to postpone it until the testing phase. The
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settings should be:
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.PP
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.XB "rootdev=c0d0p1s0"
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.XB "ramimagedev=c0d0p1s0"
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.SS "7. TESTING"
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By now a new MINIX system is present on your hard disk. Time to see if
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it works. Leave the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette in the drive and type
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.BR halt .
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You are now going to use the power of the Boot Monitor on the diskette to
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boot the MINIX partition on the hard disk. Use the monitor command
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.B boot c0d0p1
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to boot the primary partition MINIX has been installed in. (It is "c0d0p1" in
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our example.)
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.PP
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The hard disk bootstrap is now showing the menu again. You can type '='
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to start MINIX, but you probably want to change the boot parameters.
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Hit
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.B ESC
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once more to get to the command prompt. The command
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.B set
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shows what the current parameters are. Here is an example that shows how
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to make a menu to either start MINIX or boot Windows:
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.PP
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.XB "minix(=,Minix)\0boot"
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.XB "win(w,Windows)\0boot\0c0d0p0"
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.XB "save"
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.PP
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Windows is assumed to be in the first partition in the example above (c0d0p0).
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When finished type
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.B menu
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to see if the menu looks right. If so hit '=' to start MINIX. Log in as
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root.
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.SS "8. ADDING PROGRAMS AND SOURCES TO /usr"
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The
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.B setup
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command can also be used to add files from floppy sets to the system. The
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.B \s-2USR.TAZ\s+2
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(programs and stuff),
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.B \s-2SYS.TAZ\s+2
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(system sources), and
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.B \s-2CMD.TAZ\s+2
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(commands sources)
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are all installed relative to the
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.B /usr
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directory, so the command to use three times is
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.PP
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.XB setup\0/usr
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.PP
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.B Setup
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will ask for the size of data on the floppies, which is by default simply
|
|
the entire floppy. You will see some "Cannot make directory" errors
|
|
while extracting, as some directories already exist. Ignore these messages.
|
|
You need the
|
|
.B \s-2USR.TAZ\s+2
|
|
set if you want a working MINIX system,
|
|
.B \s-2SYS.TAZ\s+2
|
|
if you want recompile the system or study it, and
|
|
.B \s-2CMD.TAZ\s+2
|
|
if you also want the sources of the commands. On a disk space
|
|
starved machine you could opt to do without the commands sources, as they
|
|
are not absolutely necessary to understand MINIX.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If your machine does not have enough memory to run
|
|
.B setup\0/usr
|
|
then type these commands manually:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "cd\0/usr"
|
|
.XB "vol\0/dev/fd0 | zcat | tar\0xvfp\0\-"
|
|
.PP
|
|
If
|
|
.3B USR.TAZ
|
|
is already present on the hard disk in an
|
|
.3A DOS
|
|
or Windows partition, then this command can be used under MINIX-386 to
|
|
extract it to avoid the floppy detour:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "cd\0/usr"
|
|
.XB "mtools\0copy\0c0d0p0:USR.TAZ\0\- | setup\0/usr"
|
|
.PP
|
|
In 16-bit mode you don't have mtools, but maybe dosread will work:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "cd\0/usr"
|
|
.XB "dosread\0c0d0p0\0USR.TAZ | setup\0/usr"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The file doesn't have to be in the root directory of
|
|
.BR c0d0p0 ,
|
|
of course,
|
|
.B "c0d1p0:/TMP/USR.TAZ"
|
|
would name a file on the first partition of the second hard disk in the
|
|
directory
|
|
.BR \eTMP .
|
|
.PP
|
|
The /usr file system can also be filled through a network from a remote host
|
|
if MINIX if you can get networking going with the NET.TAZ supplement. Use
|
|
.B "setup\0/"
|
|
to install NET.TAZ (note that it goes into / instead of /usr), then
|
|
follow the instructions in
|
|
.BR boot (8)
|
|
to configure TCP/IP and boot MINIX. There are now two ways to fill
|
|
/usr. One is to add the host name and login name of a remote host and a
|
|
remote user to
|
|
.BR /.rhosts ,
|
|
as root, and to use the following command on the remote host:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "rsh\0\-l\0root\0\fIminix-box\fP\0setup\0/usr\0< USR.TAZ"
|
|
.PP
|
|
Two is to use
|
|
.B urlget
|
|
to copy the data directly from a Web or FTP site by using these
|
|
commands under MINIX:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "cd\0/usr"
|
|
.XB "urlget\0\fIurl\fP.../USR.TAZ | setup\0/usr"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The sources may be installed using exactly the same commands, but with
|
|
.3B USR.TAZ
|
|
replaced by
|
|
.3B SRC.TAZ .
|
|
Note that this means that the sources must also be extracted relative to
|
|
.BR /usr .
|
|
.SS "9. NAMES"
|
|
A standalone machine will have to be given a name. As
|
|
.B root
|
|
type
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "echo\0\fIname\fB\0>/etc/hostname.file"
|
|
.PP
|
|
to change the host name of your machine to
|
|
.IR name .
|
|
.SS "10. ACTIVE ON BOOT"
|
|
You may want to make the MINIX partition active so that it is automatically
|
|
booted. With Windows
|
|
.B fdisk
|
|
or MINIX
|
|
.BR part ,
|
|
mark the primary partition that contains MINIX active. Using the menu you
|
|
made earlier you can boot either MINIX or Windows at a keypress. You can even
|
|
set timeouts. To boot MINIX automatically after 5 seconds:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "main()\0{trap\05000\0minix;\0menu}"
|
|
.PP
|
|
See
|
|
.BR monitor (8)
|
|
for all the details on the monitor.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you don't trust this then you can rig up a diskette that boots the MINIX
|
|
partition when left in the drive:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "installboot\0\-m\0/dev/fd0\0/usr/mdec/jumpboot\0010"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The numbers 010 indicate the device (disk or partition) that must be booted,
|
|
i.e.
|
|
.B /dev/c0d0p1s0
|
|
in this example. Take the name of the device, and use the disk, partition
|
|
and subpartition numbers, or less. So c0d1p2s0 -> 120, c0d3 -> 3,
|
|
c0d2p0 -> 20.)
|
|
.SS "11. DEVICES"
|
|
A crash course on the MINIX devices in
|
|
.BR /dev :
|
|
The first two hard disks are named
|
|
.BR c0d0
|
|
and
|
|
.BR c0d1 .
|
|
These devices address the entire hard disk, from the
|
|
first to the last byte. Each disk has four partitions, for disk 0 they are
|
|
.BR c0d0p0 ,
|
|
.BR c0d0p1 ,
|
|
.BR c0d0p2 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.BR c0d0p3 .
|
|
And for disk 1 they are named
|
|
.BR c0d1p0
|
|
to
|
|
.BR c0d1p3 .
|
|
These partitions may contain file systems,
|
|
.B c0d0p0
|
|
often contains the
|
|
.3A MS-DOS
|
|
or Windows "C:" file system. MINIX can use these partitions
|
|
for file systems too, but you can also partition one of these "primary
|
|
partitions" into four so-called "subpartitions". The subpartitions of
|
|
.B c0d0p0
|
|
are named
|
|
.BR c0d0p0s0 ,
|
|
.BR c0d0p0s1 ,
|
|
.BR c0d0p0s2 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.BR c0d0p0s3 .
|
|
The other partitions may have four subpartitions that are named in the same
|
|
way. See
|
|
.BR controller (4)
|
|
for an elaborate description.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You may need to add devices to
|
|
.BR /dev ,
|
|
because not all devices are present to keep down the clutter.
|
|
The command
|
|
.3B MAKEDEV
|
|
knows how to make devices, and
|
|
.3B DESCRIBE
|
|
can tell you what an unknown device may be, or even what all devices in
|
|
.B /dev
|
|
may be if called without arguments. Devices are described in
|
|
.BR dev (4),
|
|
with pointers to more specific pages.
|
|
.SS "12. EDITORS"
|
|
The editors available are
|
|
.B elvis
|
|
(a
|
|
.B vi
|
|
clone),
|
|
.B elle
|
|
(a simple
|
|
.B emacs
|
|
clone),
|
|
and the old MINIX
|
|
.B mined
|
|
editor. Of these editors only elvis can recover your file after a system
|
|
crash. Only
|
|
.B mined
|
|
is available at installation time. (All you need to know about mined right
|
|
now is that CTRL-X gets you out of it.)
|
|
.SS "13. BOOT MONITOR VS. MINIX"
|
|
The Boot Monitor uses the
|
|
.3A BIOS
|
|
to address disks, so it has no idea of controllers, it just lumps everything
|
|
together and ignores controller numbers. So what the monitor thinks are
|
|
.BR d0 ,
|
|
.BR d1 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.BR d2 ,
|
|
may be
|
|
.BR c0d0
|
|
(IDE primary master),
|
|
.BR c0d2
|
|
(IDE secondary master), and
|
|
.BR c1d3
|
|
(SCSI disk at target 3).
|
|
One must keep this in mind when MINIX is installed on a disk other than the
|
|
very first. So if MINIX is installed in the third partition of the SCSI disk,
|
|
then
|
|
.B "boot d2p2"
|
|
will boot it, and
|
|
.B "rootdev=c1d3p2s0"
|
|
will tell MINIX where its root file system is.
|
|
.SS "14. NATIONAL KEYBOARDS"
|
|
The directory
|
|
.B /usr/lib/keymaps
|
|
contains keymap tables for several national keyboards. If you have a German
|
|
keyboard for instance, then
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "loadkeys\0/usr/lib/keymaps/german.map"
|
|
.PP
|
|
will load the German key translation table into the keyboard driver. Copy
|
|
the map to
|
|
.B /etc/keymap
|
|
once MINIX is installed on the hard disk, because having to type a key
|
|
sequence like one of these:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "loadkezs\0\-usr\-lib\-kezmaps\-german.map"
|
|
.XB "loqdkeys\0=usr=lib=key,qps=french.,qp"
|
|
.PP
|
|
on a reboot gets a bit annoying after a while. Send corrections and new
|
|
keymaps to the person named below. (Do not send a Dutch keymap, buy
|
|
yourself a real keyboard instead.)
|
|
.SH SUGGESTIONS
|
|
Below are a few useful suggestions. Some of the information can be of use
|
|
in other situations than described here.
|
|
.SS "15. VIRTUAL CONSOLES"
|
|
Hold down the ALT key and press the left or right arrow key, F1, or F2.
|
|
This switches the console between two login sessions. (Unless you have
|
|
an old mono adapter, because virtual consoles sit in video memory, and
|
|
a mono adapter only has memory for one.)
|
|
.PP
|
|
Note that kernel messages, including function key output, only appear on
|
|
the first console. This may be confusing, but it keeps the other consoles
|
|
clean.
|
|
.SS "16. LOW ON MEMORY"
|
|
The normal installation requires that you have enough memory for a large RAM
|
|
disk. You can still install MINIX normally if you either have a high density
|
|
diskette drive for a combined root+usr floppy, or you have two floppy drives
|
|
of at least 720 kb. Before booting you have to set the variable
|
|
.B rootdev
|
|
to the same value as
|
|
.BR ramimagedev .
|
|
This is slower then a RAM disk, but saves a lot of memory.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The automatic installation script knows how to handle this new situation.
|
|
If you install manually then you have to use
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "cpdir\0\-vx\0/\0/mnt"
|
|
.PP
|
|
to copy the root device to disk. When it is time to fill /usr and you only
|
|
have one floppy drive then hit DEL to get out of the installation script and
|
|
reboot as described in "TESTING". You can then finish the installation
|
|
manually.
|
|
.ig
|
|
See the XT640K.TXT file for more advice on small machines.
|
|
..
|
|
.SS "17. LOW ON MEMORY AND ONLY ONE 720 KB FLOPPY DRIVE"
|
|
If you only have one 720 kb floppy drive and your system is low on memory
|
|
then you can use the \s-2TINYROOT.MNX\s+2 boot image. This image contains a
|
|
small kernel with only the BIOS disk driver, and a small root file system.
|
|
You can use this disk to boot your machine. Use the normal \s-2ROOT.MNX\s+2 to
|
|
install the root file system. Keep booting your machine with
|
|
\s-2TINYROOT\s+2 until you have compiled a small kernel for your system.
|
|
Use the
|
|
.B rootdev
|
|
boot variable to select the hard disk root file system. Do
|
|
.B not
|
|
use \s-2TINYROOT\s+2 for anything other than booting, always use
|
|
\s-2ROOT\s+2 when mentioned.
|
|
.SS "18. FLOPPY DRIVE 1 IS A HIGH DENSITY DRIVE"
|
|
If you would like to install from floppy drive 1 then you need to copy at
|
|
least one sector from the \s-2USR\s+2 image onto a diskette for drive 0.
|
|
The \s-2USR\s+2 bootstrap has been rigged to boot the other drive.
|
|
.SS "19. INSTALLING ON A SECOND HARD DISK"
|
|
MINIX doesn't care if it is installed on the second disk of a system with
|
|
two disks. The only problem is to get it booted. You can either rig up
|
|
a diskette to boot MINIX as shown earlier, or you can use the same trick
|
|
on the first disk. The command
|
|
.PP
|
|
.XB "installboot\0\-m\0/dev/c0d0\0/usr/mdec/jumpboot\01"
|
|
.PP
|
|
will lock the first disk into booting the second disk. Note that this
|
|
command modifies the disk outside a MINIX partition, overwriting a bit of
|
|
code that has likely been put there by Windows fdisk. First verify that the
|
|
Boot Monitor can boot a Windows partition, because then the MINIX master
|
|
bootstrap can do it too.
|
|
.SS "20. LOTS OF MEMORY ON A 286"
|
|
You will have a hard time making MINIX use up 3 MB memory. Memory you
|
|
can spare can be used for a "second level block cache" on the RAM disk. The
|
|
File System uses the second level cache to store copies of disk blocks that
|
|
are pushed out of the normal (primary) block cache. The size of the primary
|
|
cache is compiled into the FS server, but the size of the second level cache
|
|
can be set with the
|
|
.B ramsize
|
|
boot variable. Set it to a number between 0 and 512. 512 kilobytes is
|
|
enough to keep most of the compiler cached.
|
|
.SS "21. LOTS OF MEMORY ON A 386+"
|
|
Processes can be as big as you would like on a 386, but in practice 4 MB is
|
|
a lot, and 8 MB is infinite.
|
|
The installation script sets up a second level cache for MINIX-386
|
|
of up to 1024 kilobytes. This is because the default file system cache
|
|
is only 80 kb. Your first point of call is to get rid of the poorly
|
|
performing second level cache by setting
|
|
.B ENABLE_CACHE2
|
|
to 0 and to assign the memory used by it to the
|
|
normal block cache by enlarging the appropriate
|
|
.B NR_BUFS
|
|
and
|
|
.B NR_BUF_HASH
|
|
constants in <minix/config.h> with as much as you can spare. (1024 for
|
|
NR_BUFS is the minimum to keep
|
|
.B "cc \-c"
|
|
cached. 2048 is then a nice value for NR_BUF_HASH.)
|
|
Disable the second level cache, compile a new kernel, reboot and set
|
|
.B ramsize
|
|
to 0.
|
|
.SS "22. LOTS OF DISK SPACE"
|
|
The maximum file system size is 1 GB for MINIX-386 and 128 MB for
|
|
MINIX-86. (MINIX-86 can handle larger file systems, but
|
|
.B fsck
|
|
can't check them.) Note that a MINIX file system can only contain 65535
|
|
inodes (files), so the average file should be 16 kb to completely fill it.
|
|
It may be better to make two smaller file systems. Besides, fsck takes
|
|
forever on a large file system.
|
|
.SH SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
|
|
The system has been set up with the idea that working as root is a bad thing
|
|
to do. As root you are in no way protected from doing stupid things. So
|
|
don't do development as root, but work as
|
|
.BR bin !
|
|
Only in exceptional cases do you want to become root. Being root is fun for
|
|
wannabe hackers; administrators know better.
|
|
.PP
|
|
To make life easier for bin, some programs like
|
|
.BR su (1),
|
|
.BR install (1)
|
|
and
|
|
.BR shutdown (8)
|
|
treat bin and other members of the operator group as special and allow them
|
|
the privileges of root. (One is an operator if one's
|
|
group id is zero.) Operators should share the shadow password of root by
|
|
having
|
|
.B ##root
|
|
in their password field. This way they all have one face (password)
|
|
to the outside world, forming no greater security risk than root alone.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The home directory of bin contains one important Makefile. You can use it
|
|
to recompile all the commands and libraries of the system. Type
|
|
.B make
|
|
to see the usage message. If you want to compile just one command then you
|
|
can simply type
|
|
.B make
|
|
to do so. To put it in its proper place you have to type
|
|
.BR "make install" .
|
|
Read the Makefiles in the
|
|
.B commands
|
|
and
|
|
.B lib
|
|
subdirectories to understand how everything is put together. If you are
|
|
tight on memory then
|
|
.B make
|
|
may fail to traverse down the source tree and also compile things. You will
|
|
have to type
|
|
.B make
|
|
in each subdirectory. You can run make in /usr/src at the end to see if
|
|
you've missed something or not.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The shell used by MINIX is a minimal version of
|
|
.BR ash ,
|
|
the BSD shell. It has been modified to offer simple line editing using the
|
|
.BR editline (3)
|
|
library.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The kernel is not compiled from the master Makefile. To make a new kernel
|
|
you have to step into the
|
|
.B tools
|
|
directory. There you can run four different make commands:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B make
|
|
This makes all the different kernel parts and combines them in the file
|
|
named
|
|
.BR image .
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B make fdboot
|
|
As above and then makes a boot floppy that you can use to restart your
|
|
system with. You are prompted for the floppy device name.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B make hdboot
|
|
First makes the image file and then copies it into the directory
|
|
.BR /minix .
|
|
If there are already two images in that directory then the newest image will
|
|
be removed to make space for this newer image. It is assumed that the
|
|
oldest image is the most stable system image, one that always works, and
|
|
that the newest image is experimental. Check beforehand what
|
|
.B /minix
|
|
contains before you run
|
|
.BR "make hdboot" .
|
|
Remove the oldest image if you want another image to become the stable
|
|
image. The Boot Monitor chooses the newest image in
|
|
.B /minix
|
|
to boot. You can use the monitor command
|
|
.B ls minix
|
|
to view the images present, and set the
|
|
.B image
|
|
variable to the full name of the image you want to use instead if the newest
|
|
doesn't work. The images in
|
|
.B /minix
|
|
are named using the MINIX release and version numbers with an extra revision
|
|
number added to distinguish the images.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The first new kernel you would like to make is one configured for your
|
|
system. The kernel you are running now contains several drivers
|
|
you don't need, or may be missing drivers that you might want.
|
|
In <minix/config.h> you can find a number of
|
|
.BI ENABLE_ XXX
|
|
variables that can be set to
|
|
.B 0
|
|
to exclude, or
|
|
.B 1
|
|
to include a particular driver. The full list of configurable parameters
|
|
and what they do are described in
|
|
.BR config (8).
|
|
It is invaluable in figuring out what to change and how in <minix/config.h>.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Configuring a new kernel is sometimes not enough to enable new devices, you
|
|
sometimes need to use the
|
|
.B MAKEDEV
|
|
command to make new device files in
|
|
.BR /dev .
|
|
For pseudo-ttys you also have to check if
|
|
.B /etc/ttytab
|
|
mentiones the new devices.
|
|
.PP
|
|
New additions to the system can be made in the
|
|
.B /usr/local
|
|
tree. An empty directory tree has been set up for you and binaries and
|
|
manual pages are already in the search paths. You can make a new user entry
|
|
with the
|
|
.B adduser
|
|
command.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.B TZ
|
|
variable in
|
|
.B /etc/profile
|
|
tells the time zone offset from the wall clock time to GMT. You have to
|
|
change it for your time zone. (See
|
|
.BR TZ (5).)
|
|
.PP
|
|
The function keys produce debug dumps, showing various interesting data
|
|
about the system. F1 lists processes and F5 shows ethernet stats, which
|
|
may be of use now. Read
|
|
.BR console (4)
|
|
to know all the details of the screen and keyboard.
|
|
.SS "23. SYSTEM SHUTDOWN"
|
|
You can't just turn a MINIX system off. MINIX must be told to flush the
|
|
modified data in the file system cache first. The following
|
|
commands/keystrokes can be used to exit MINIX properly:
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B shutdown
|
|
First alert all users and then all processes of the impending shutdown
|
|
then halt or reboot the system in one of various ways. See
|
|
.BR shutdown (8).
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B reboot / halt
|
|
Alert all processes of the system shutdown then reboot or halt.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B \s-2CTRL\-ALT\-DEL\s+2
|
|
Halt the system by running
|
|
.BR "shutdown \-h now" .
|
|
.PP
|
|
MINIX halts by returning to the Boot Monitor, MINIX reboots by instructing
|
|
the monitor to reboot MINIX. (MINIX is just a subprocess to the monitor.)
|
|
Either halt MINIX and use monitor commands to escape MINIX, or use
|
|
.B shutdown \-R
|
|
to reset the system.
|
|
.PP
|
|
When exiting MINIX running under DOS the Boot Monitor's
|
|
.B exit
|
|
command will return you to the DOS prompt. The Boot Monitor and MINIX
|
|
are together just a pretty big DOS program as far DOS is concerned.
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.TP 12
|
|
.B /usr/ast
|
|
Honorary home directory of Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Doubles as the place where
|
|
the default setup for a new user is found.
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.BR dosminix (8),
|
|
.BR monitor (8),
|
|
.BR boot (8),
|
|
.BR part (8),
|
|
.BR mkfs (1),
|
|
.BR mount (8),
|
|
.BR M (8),
|
|
.BR fstab (5),
|
|
.BR hier (7),
|
|
.BR config (8),
|
|
.BR console (4),
|
|
.BR dev (4),
|
|
.BR adduser (8),
|
|
.BR TZ (5),
|
|
.BR mkdist (8),
|
|
.BR shutdown (8).
|
|
.br
|
|
"Operating Systems \- Design and Implementation 2/e" by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
|
|
and Albert S. Woodhull.
|
|
.SH NOTES
|
|
The notation
|
|
.BI < file .h>
|
|
refers to a C language include file in /usr/include.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.B Root
|
|
and
|
|
.B bin
|
|
do not have the current directory in their program search path to avoid
|
|
executing programs left around by malicious people. This means that to run
|
|
.B foo
|
|
from the current directory,
|
|
.B ./foo
|
|
must be typed.
|
|
.SH BUGS
|
|
There are many PS/2 models, all different. Some will run MINIX, some won't,
|
|
some crippled if you lie to MINIX by setting
|
|
.B processor
|
|
to
|
|
.BR 86 .
|
|
Almost no PS/2 has a standard disk, so setting
|
|
.B c0
|
|
to
|
|
.B esdi
|
|
or
|
|
.B bios
|
|
will be necessary.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Except for the floppy driver, none of the DMA based drivers know about DMA
|
|
being limited to a 24 bits address, i.e. the first 16 MB. So under MINIX-386
|
|
you run a slight risk that a
|
|
.B tar
|
|
or
|
|
.B dd
|
|
command may use a buffer above 16 MB for reading or writing to a character
|
|
device. This only happens if the low 16 MB is taken by some huge processes,
|
|
and you have more than 16 MB, of course.
|
|
.SH AUTHOR
|
|
Kees J. Bot <kjb@cs.vu.nl>
|