929 lines
23 KiB
Groff
929 lines
23 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: find.1,v 1.80 2013/02/08 12:50:51 wiz Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" from: @(#)find.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
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.\"
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.Dd August 26, 2012
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.Dt FIND 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm find
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.Nd walk a file hierarchy
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P
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.Op Fl dEhsXx
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.Ar file
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.Op Ar file ...
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.Op Ar expression
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.Nm
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.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P
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.Op Fl dEhsXx
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.Fl f Ar file
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.Op Ar file ...
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.Op Ar expression
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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recursively descends the directory tree for each
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.Ar file
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listed, evaluating an
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.Ar expression
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(composed of the
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.Dq primaries
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and
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.Dq operands
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listed below) in terms
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of each file in the tree.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl H
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Causes the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 )
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returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
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those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
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If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself.
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File information of all symbolic links not on the command line is that
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of the link itself.
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.It Fl L
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Causes the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 )
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returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
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link, not the link itself.
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If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself.
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.It Fl P
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Causes the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 )
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returned for each symbolic link to be those of the link itself.
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.It Fl d
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Causes
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.Nm
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to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
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are visited in post-order, and all entries in a directory will be acted
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on before the directory itself.
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By default,
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.Nm
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visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents.
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Note, the default is
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.Ar not
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a breadth-first traversal.
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.It Fl E
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Causes
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.Ar regexp
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arguments to primaries to be interpreted as extended regular
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expressions (see
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.Xr re_format 7 ) .
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.It Fl f
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Specifies a file hierarchy for
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.Nm
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to traverse.
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File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
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following the options.
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.It Fl h
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Causes the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 )
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returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
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link, not the link itself.
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If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself.
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.It Fl s
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Causes the entries of each directory to be sorted in
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lexicographical order.
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Note that the sorting is done only inside of each directory;
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files in different directories are not sorted.
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Therefore,
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.Sq Li a/b
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appears before
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.Sq Li a.b ,
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which is different from
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.Dq Li "find ... \&| sort"
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order.
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.It Fl X
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Modifies the output to permit
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.Nm
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to be safely used in conjunction with
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.Xr xargs 1 .
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If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
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.Xr xargs 1 ,
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a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
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is skipped.
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The delimiting characters include single
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.Pq Dq \&'
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and double
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.Pq Dq \&"
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quotes, backslash
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.Pq Dq \e ,
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space, tab, and newline characters.
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Alternatively, the
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.Ic -print0
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or
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.Ic -printx
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primaries can be used to format the output in a way that
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.Xr xargs 1
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can accept.
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.It Fl x
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Restricts the search to the file system containing the
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directory specified.
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Does not list mount points to other file systems.
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.El
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.Sh PRIMARIES
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All primaries which take a numeric argument of
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.Ar n
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allow the number to be preceded by a plus sign
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.Pq Dq \&+
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or a minus sign
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.Pq Dq \- .
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A preceding plus sign means
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.Dq more than Ar n ,
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a preceding minus sign means
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.Dq less than Ar n ,
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and neither means
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.Dq exactly Ar n .
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
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.It Ic -amin Ar n
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True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
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.Ar n
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minutes.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -anewer Ar file
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True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
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.Ar file .
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.Pp
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.It Ic -atime Ar n
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True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24-hour periods.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -cmin Ar n
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True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
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information and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
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.Ar n
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minutes.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -cnewer Ar file
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True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
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.Ar file .
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.Pp
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.It Ic -ctime Ar n
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True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
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information and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24-hour periods.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -delete
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Delete found files, symbolic links, and directories.
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Always returns true.
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This executes from the current working directory as
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.Nm
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recurses down the tree.
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To avoid deleting unexpected files, it will ignore any filenames that
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.Xr fts 3
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returns that contain a
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.Dq /
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.Xr ( fts 3
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should not return such pathnames).
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Depth-first traversal processing is implied by this option.
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This primary can also be invoked as
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.Ic -rm .
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.Pp
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.It Ic -empty
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True if the current file or directory is empty.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo argument ... Oc Ic \&;
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.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo argument ... Oc Ic {} Ic \&+
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Execute the specified
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.Ar utility
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with the specified arguments.
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.Pp
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The list of arguments for
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.Ar utility
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is terminated by a lone semicolon
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.Dq Ic \&;
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or plus
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.Dq Ic \&+
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character as a separate parameter.
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|
The command specified by
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.Ar utility
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will be executed with its current working directory being the directory
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from which
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.Nm
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was executed.
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.Pp
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If the list of arguments is terminated by a semicolon
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.Pq Dq Ic \&; ,
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|
then
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.Ar utility
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is invoked once per pathname.
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If
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the string
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.Dq Ic {}
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appears one or more times in the utility name or arguments,
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then it is replaced by the pathname of the current file
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(but it need not appear, in which case the pathname
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will not be passed to
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.Ar utility ) .
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|
The semicolon-terminated form of the
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.Ic -exec
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primary returns true if and only if
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|
.Ar utility
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|
exits with a zero exit status.
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|
Note that the semicolon will have to be escaped on the shell command line
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|
in order to be passed as a parameter.
|
|
.Pp
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|
If the list of arguments is terminated by a plus sign
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.Pq Dq Ic \&+ ,
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then the pathnames for which the primary is evaluated are aggregated
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into sets, and
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.Ar utility
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|
will be invoked once per set, similar to
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.Xr xargs 1 .
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In this case the string
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.Dq Ic {}
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must appear, and must appear as the last item in the argument list,
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just before the
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.Dq Ic \&+
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parameter, and is replaced by the pathnames of the current set of files.
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Each set is limited to no more than 5,000 pathnames,
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|
and is also limited such that the total number of bytes in the argument
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|
list does not exceed
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.Dv ARG_MAX .
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|
The plus-terminated form of the
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.Ic -exec
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primary always returns true.
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|
If the plus-terminated form of the
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.Ic -exec
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primary results in any invocation of
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.Ar utility
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exiting with non-zero exit status, then
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.Nm
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will eventually exit with non-zero status as well,
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but this does not cause
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.Nm
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to exit early.
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Oo argument ... Oc Ic \&;
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|
The
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.Ic -execdir
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primary is similar to the semicolon-terminated
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.Pq Dq Ic \&;
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variant of the
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.Ic -exec
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primary, with the exception that
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.Ar utility
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will be executed from the directory that holds
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the current file.
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Only the base filename is substituted for the string
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.Dq Ic {} .
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|
Set aggregation
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|
.Pq Do Ic \&+ Dc termination
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is not supported.
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|
.Pp
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.It Ic -exit Op Ar status
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This primary causes
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.Nm
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to stop traversing the file system and exit immediately,
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with the specified numeric exit status.
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If the
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.Ar status
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value is not specified, then
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.Nm
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will exit with status zero.
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Note that any preceding primaries will be evaluated and acted upon
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before exiting.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -false
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This primary always evaluates to false.
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This can be used following a primary that caused the
|
|
expression to be true to make the expression to be false.
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|
This can be useful after using a
|
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.Ic -fprint
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primary so it can continue to the next expression (using an
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.Cm -or
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operator, for example).
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.Pp
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.It Ic -flags Oo Fl Oc Ns Ar flags
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If
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.Ar flags
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|
are preceded by a dash
|
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.Pq Dq Ic \- ,
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this primary evaluates to true
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if at least all of the bits in
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.Ar flags
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are set in the file's flags bits.
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If
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.Ar flags
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are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if
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the bits in
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.Ar flags
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exactly match the file's flags bits.
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If
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.Ar flags
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is
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.Dq none ,
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files with no flags bits set are matched.
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(See
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.Xr chflags 1
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for more information about file flags.)
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.Pp
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.It Ic -follow
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Follow symbolic links.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -fprint Ar filename
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This primary always evaluates to true.
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This creates
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.Ar filename
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or overwrites the file if it already exists.
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The file is created at startup.
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It writes the pathname of the current file to this file, followed
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by a newline character.
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The file will be empty if no files are matched.
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|
.Pp
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.It Ic -fstype Ar type
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True if the file is contained in a file system of type
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.Ar type .
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|
The
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.Xr sysctl 8
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command can be used to find out the types of file systems
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that are available on the system:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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sysctl vfs.generic.fstypes
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.Ed
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.Pp
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In addition, there are two pseudo-types,
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.Dq local
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and
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.Dq rdonly .
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The former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
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the
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.Nm
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is being executed, and the latter matches any file system which is
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mounted read-only.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -group Ar gname
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True if the file belongs to the group
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.Ar gname .
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If
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.Ar gname
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is numeric and there is no such group name, then
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.Ar gname
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is treated as a group id.
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.Pp
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.It Ic -iname Ar pattern
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True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
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.Ar pattern
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in a case-insensitive manner.
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Special shell pattern matching characters
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.Po
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.Dq \&[ ,
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.Dq \&] ,
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.Dq \&* ,
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and
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.Dq \&?
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.Pc
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may be used as part of
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|
.Ar pattern .
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These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
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backslash
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.Pq Dq \e .
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.Pp
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.It Ic -inum Ar n
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True if the file has inode number
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.Ar n .
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.Pp
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.It Ic -iregex Ar regexp
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|
True if the path name of the current file matches the case-insensitive
|
|
basic regular expression
|
|
.Pq see Xr re_format 7
|
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.Ar regexp .
|
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This is a match on the whole path, not a search for the regular expression
|
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within the path.
|
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.Pp
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.It Ic -links Ar n
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True if the file has
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.Ar n
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|
links.
|
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.Pp
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.It Ic -rm
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This primary is an alias for
|
|
.Ic -delete .
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -ls
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
|
|
its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
|
|
links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
|
|
If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
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|
will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
|
|
If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
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|
displayed preceded by
|
|
.Dq -\*[Gt] .
|
|
The format is identical to that produced by
|
|
.Dq ls -dgils .
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
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|
True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
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|
.Ar n .
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -mindepth Ar n
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|
True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -mmin Ar n
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|
True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
|
|
.Nm
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|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
|
|
.Ar n
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|
minutes.
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -mtime Ar n
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|
True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
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|
.Nm
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|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -ok Ar utility Oo argument ... Oc Ic \&;
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -ok
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|
primary is similar to the semicolon-terminated
|
|
.Pq Dq \&;
|
|
variant of the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
primary, with the exception that
|
|
.Nm
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|
requests user affirmation for the execution of
|
|
.Ar utility
|
|
by printing
|
|
a message to the terminal and reading a response.
|
|
If the response is other than
|
|
.Dq y ,
|
|
the command is not executed and the
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
primary evaluates to false.
|
|
Set aggregation
|
|
.Pq Do \&+ Dc termination
|
|
is not supported.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -name Ar pattern
|
|
True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Po
|
|
.Dq \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq \&] ,
|
|
.Dq \&* ,
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|
and
|
|
.Dq \&?
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|
.Pc
|
|
may be used as part of
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
|
|
backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq \e .
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -newer Ar file
|
|
True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
|
|
.Ar file .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -nouser
|
|
True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
|
|
.Pp
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|
.It Ic -nogroup
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|
True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -path Ar pattern
|
|
True if the pathname being examined matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Po
|
|
.Dq \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq \&] ,
|
|
.Dq \&* ,
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|
and
|
|
.Dq \&?
|
|
.Pc
|
|
may be used as part of
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
|
|
backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq \e .
|
|
Slashes
|
|
.Pq Dq /
|
|
are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
|
|
matched explicitly.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -perm Oo Fl Oc Ns Ar mode
|
|
The
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
may be either symbolic (see
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 )
|
|
or an octal number.
|
|
If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
|
|
mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode
|
|
creation mask.
|
|
If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
|
|
.Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_ISGID
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_ISTXT
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_IRWXU
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_IRWXG
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_IRWXO )
|
|
of the file's mode bits participate
|
|
in the comparison.
|
|
If the mode is preceded by a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq Ic \- ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
|
|
If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if
|
|
the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
|
|
Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq Ic \- .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -print
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
|
|
by a newline character.
|
|
If none of
|
|
.Ic -delete ,
|
|
.Ic -exec ,
|
|
.Ic -execdir ,
|
|
.Ic -exit ,
|
|
.Ic -fprint ,
|
|
.Ic -ls ,
|
|
.Ic -ok ,
|
|
.Ic -print0 ,
|
|
.Ic -printx ,
|
|
nor
|
|
.Ic -rm
|
|
is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
|
|
.Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
|
|
.Ic -print .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -print0
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
|
|
by a NUL character.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -printx
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output,
|
|
with each space, tab, newline, backslash, dollar sign, and single,
|
|
double, or back quotation mark prefixed by a backslash, so the output of
|
|
.Nm
|
|
can safely be used as input to
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -prune
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It causes
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to not descend into the current file.
|
|
Note, the
|
|
.Ic -prune
|
|
primary has no effect if the
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
option was specified.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -regex Ar regexp
|
|
True if the path name of the current file matches the case-sensitive
|
|
basic regular expression
|
|
.Pq see Xr re_format 7
|
|
.Ar regexp .
|
|
This is a match on the whole path, not a search for the regular expression
|
|
within the path.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
|
|
True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
is followed by a
|
|
.Dq Ic c ,
|
|
then the primary is true if the file's size is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
bytes.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -type Ar t
|
|
True if the file is of the specified type.
|
|
Possible file types are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It Cm b
|
|
block special
|
|
.It Cm c
|
|
character special
|
|
.It Cm d
|
|
directory
|
|
.It Cm f
|
|
regular file
|
|
.It Cm l
|
|
symbolic link
|
|
.It Cm p
|
|
FIFO
|
|
.It Cm s
|
|
socket
|
|
.It Cm W
|
|
whiteout
|
|
.It Cm w
|
|
whiteout
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -user Ar uname
|
|
True if the file belongs to the user
|
|
.Ar uname .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is numeric and there is no such user name, then
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is treated as a user id (and considered a numeric argument).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -xdev
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It causes find not to descend past directories that have a different
|
|
device ID
|
|
.Va ( st_dev ,
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr stat 2
|
|
S5.6.2 [POSIX.1]).
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh OPERATORS
|
|
The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
|
|
The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width (expression)
|
|
.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
|
|
This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
|
|
true.
|
|
.It Cm \&! Ar expression
|
|
This is the unary
|
|
.Tn NOT
|
|
operator.
|
|
It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
|
|
.It Ar expression expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -and
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn AND
|
|
operator.
|
|
As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
|
|
have to be specified.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -or
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn OR
|
|
operator.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
|
|
is true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
|
|
to be a separate argument to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.Sh EXIT STATUS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility normally exits 0 on success, and exits with 1 under certain
|
|
internal error conditions.
|
|
If any invocations of
|
|
.Dq Ic -exec Ar ... Ic \&+
|
|
primaries return non-zero exit-status, then
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will do so as well.
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width findx
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q \-print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
|
|
.Dq \&.c .
|
|
.It Li "find / \-newer ttt \-user wnj \-print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files owned by user
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
that are newer than the file
|
|
.Dq ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find . \-type f \-mmin \-30 \-print \-or \-mindepth 1 \-prune"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files in the current directory that are
|
|
newer than 30 minutes.
|
|
.It Li "find . \-type f \-atime +10 \-mindepth 2 \-print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files in any sub-directories that have not
|
|
been accessed in the past ten days.
|
|
.It Li "find . \-mtime +90 \-exec rm \-i {} + \-or \-mindepth 1 \-prune"
|
|
Interactively remove all of the files in the current directory that have
|
|
not been modified in 90 days.
|
|
.It Li "find . \-type f \-mtime +90 \-ok mv {} {}.old \e;"
|
|
Interactively rename all of the files in the current directory and all
|
|
sub-directories that have not been modified in 90 days.
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! \e( \-newer ttt \-user wnj \e) \-print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
|
|
.Dq ttt
|
|
and owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( \-newer ttt \-or \-user wnj \e) \-print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
or that are newer than
|
|
.Dq ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( \-newer ttt \-or \-user wnj \e) \-exit 1"
|
|
Return immediately with a value of 1 if any files are found that are either
|
|
owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
or that are newer than
|
|
.Dq ttt ,
|
|
but do not print them.
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( \-newer ttt \-or \-user wnj \e) \-ls \-exit 1"
|
|
Same as above, but list the first file matching the criteria before exiting
|
|
with a value of 1.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr chflags 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 ,
|
|
.Xr locate 1 ,
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 ,
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ,
|
|
.Xr fts 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getgrent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getpwent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr strmode 3 ,
|
|
.Xr re_format 7 ,
|
|
.Xr symlink 7 ,
|
|
.Xr sysctl 8
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
|
|
.St -p1003.2
|
|
standard.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The options and the
|
|
.Ic -amin ,
|
|
.Ic -anewer ,
|
|
.Ic -cmin ,
|
|
.Ic -cnewer ,
|
|
.Ic -delete ,
|
|
.Ic -empty ,
|
|
.Ic -execdir ,
|
|
.Ic -follow ,
|
|
.Ic -fstype ,
|
|
.Ic -iname ,
|
|
.Ic -inum ,
|
|
.Ic -iregex ,
|
|
.Ic -links ,
|
|
.Ic -ls ,
|
|
.Ic -maxdepth ,
|
|
.Ic -mindepth ,
|
|
.Ic -mmin ,
|
|
.Ic -path ,
|
|
.Ic -print0 ,
|
|
.Ic -printx ,
|
|
.Ic -regex ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -rm
|
|
primaries are extensions to
|
|
.St -p1003.2 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historically, the
|
|
.Fl d ,
|
|
.Fl h ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl x
|
|
options were implemented using the primaries
|
|
.Dq Ic -depth ,
|
|
.Dq Ic -follow ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Ic -xdev .
|
|
These primaries always evaluated to true, and always
|
|
took effect when the
|
|
.Ar expression
|
|
was parsed, before the file system traversal began.
|
|
As a result, some legal expressions could be confusing.
|
|
For example, in the expression
|
|
.Dq Ic -print Ic -or Ic -depth ,
|
|
.Ic -print
|
|
always evaluates to true, so the standard meaning of
|
|
.Ic -or
|
|
implies that
|
|
.Ic -depth
|
|
would never be evaluated, but that is not what happens;
|
|
in fact,
|
|
.Ic -depth
|
|
takes effect immediately, without testing whether
|
|
.Ic -print
|
|
returns true or false.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historically, the operator
|
|
.Dq Ic -or
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Dq Ic -o ,
|
|
and the operator
|
|
.Dq Ic -and
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Dq Ic -a .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historic implementations of the
|
|
.Dq Ic -exec
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Ic -ok
|
|
primaries did not replace the string
|
|
.Dq Ic {}
|
|
in the utility name or the
|
|
utility arguments if it did not appear as a separate argument.
|
|
This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
|
|
it appears.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Support for
|
|
.Dq Ic -exec Ar ... Ic \&+
|
|
is consistent with
|
|
.Em IEEE PASC Interpretation 1003.2 #210 ,
|
|
though the feature originated in
|
|
.Tn SVR4 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -delete
|
|
primary does not interact well with other options that cause the file system
|
|
tree traversal options to be changed.
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A much simpler
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in First Edition AT\*[Am]T Unix.
|
|
The syntax had become similar to the present version by
|
|
the time of the Fifth Edition.
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The special characters used by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
are also special characters to many shell programs.
|
|
In particular, the characters
|
|
.Dq \&* ,
|
|
.Dq \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq \&] ,
|
|
.Dq \&? ,
|
|
.Dq \&( ,
|
|
.Dq \&) ,
|
|
.Dq \&! ,
|
|
.Dq \e ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq \&;
|
|
may have to be escaped from the shell.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
|
|
names and the
|
|
.Ar expression ,
|
|
it is difficult to specify files named
|
|
.Dq -xdev
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq \&! .
|
|
These problems are handled by the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option and the
|
|
.Xr getopt 3
|
|
.Dq --
|
|
construct.
|