- Fix for possible unset uid/gid in toproto - Fix for default mtree style - Update libelf - Importing libexecinfo - Resynchronize GCC, mpc, gmp, mpfr - build.sh: Replace params with show-params. This has been done as the make target has been renamed in the same way, while a new target named params has been added. This new target generates a file containing all the parameters, instead of printing it on the console. - Update test48 with new etc/services (Fix by Ben Gras <ben@minix3.org) get getservbyport() out of the inner loop Change-Id: Ie6ad5226fa2621ff9f0dee8782ea48f9443d2091
2048 lines
76 KiB
Text
2048 lines
76 KiB
Text
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" %sccs.include.redist.roff%
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.\"
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.\" Id: vi.in,v 8.5 1996/08/18 11:35:55 bostic Exp (Berkeley) Date: 1996/08/18 11:35:55
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.\"
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.nr LL 6.5i
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.nr FL 6.5i
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.EH 'USD:11-%''An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi'
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.OH 'An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi''USD:11-%'
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.bd S 3
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.if t .ds dg \(dg
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.if n .ds dg +
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.if t .ds dd \(dd
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.if n .ds dd ++
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.\".RP
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.TL
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An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi
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.AU
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William Joy
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.AU
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Mark Horton
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.AI
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Computer Science Division
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Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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University of California, Berkeley
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Berkeley, Ca. 94720
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.AB
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.PP
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.I Vi
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(visual) is a display oriented interactive text editor.
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When using
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.I vi
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the screen of your terminal acts as a window into the file which you
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are editing. Changes which you make to the file are reflected
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in what you see.
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.PP
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Using
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.I vi
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you can insert new text any place in the file quite easily.
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Most of the commands to
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.I vi
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move the cursor around in the file.
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There are commands to move the cursor
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forward and backward in units of characters, words,
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sentences and paragraphs.
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A small set of operators, like
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.B d
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for delete and
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.B c
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for change, are combined with the motion commands to form operations
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such as delete word or change paragraph, in a simple and natural way.
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This regularity and the mnemonic assignment of commands to keys makes the
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editor command set easy to remember and to use.
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.PP
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.I Vi
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will work on a large number of display terminals,
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and new terminals are easily driven after editing a terminal description file.
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While it is advantageous to have an intelligent terminal which can locally
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insert and delete lines and characters from the display, the editor will
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function quite well on dumb terminals over slow phone lines.
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The editor makes allowance for the low bandwidth in these situations
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and uses smaller window sizes and
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different display updating algorithms to make best use of the
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limited speed available.
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.PP
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It is also possible to use the command set of
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.I vi
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on hardcopy terminals, storage tubes and ``glass tty's'' using a one line
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editing window; thus
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.I vi's
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command set is available on all terminals.
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The full command set of the more traditional, line
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oriented editor
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.I ex
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is available within
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.I vi;
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it is quite simple to switch between the two modes of editing.
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.AE
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.NH 1
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Getting started
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.PP
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.FS
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The financial support of an \s-2IBM\s0 Graduate Fellowship and the
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National Science Foundation under grants MCS74-07644-A03 and MCS78-07291
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is gratefully acknowledged.
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.FE
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This document provides a quick introduction to
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.I vi.
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(Pronounced \fIvee-eye\fP.)
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You should be running
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.I vi
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on a file you are familiar with while you are reading this.
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The first part of this document (sections 1 through 5)
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describes the basics of using
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.I vi.
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Some topics of special interest are presented in section 6, and
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some nitty-gritty details of how the editor functions are saved for section
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7 to avoid cluttering the presentation here.
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.PP
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There is also a short appendix here, which gives for each character the
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special meanings which this character has in \fIvi\fR. Attached to
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this document should be a quick reference card.
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This card summarizes the commands of
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.I vi
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in a very compact format. You should have the card handy while you are
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learning
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.I vi.
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.NH 2
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Specifying terminal type
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.PP
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Before you can start
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.I vi
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you must tell the system what kind of terminal you are using.
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Here is a (necessarily incomplete) list of terminal type codes.
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If your terminal does not appear here, you should consult with one of
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the staff members on your system to find out the code for your terminal.
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If your terminal does not have a code, one can be assigned and a description
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for the terminal can be created.
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.LP
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.TS
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center;
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ab ab ab
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a a a.
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Code Full name Type
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_
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2621 Hewlett-Packard 2621A/P Intelligent
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2645 Hewlett-Packard 264x Intelligent
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act4 Microterm ACT-IV Dumb
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act5 Microterm ACT-V Dumb
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adm3a Lear Siegler ADM-3a Dumb
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adm31 Lear Siegler ADM-31 Intelligent
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c100 Human Design Concept 100 Intelligent
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dm1520 Datamedia 1520 Dumb
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dm2500 Datamedia 2500 Intelligent
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dm3025 Datamedia 3025 Intelligent
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fox Perkin-Elmer Fox Dumb
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h1500 Hazeltine 1500 Intelligent
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h19 Heathkit h19 Intelligent
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i100 Infoton 100 Intelligent
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mime Imitating a smart act4 Intelligent
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t1061 Teleray 1061 Intelligent
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vt52 Dec VT-52 Dumb
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.TE
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.PP
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Suppose for example that you have a Hewlett-Packard HP2621A
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terminal. The code used by the system for this terminal is `2621'.
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In this case you can use one of the following commands to tell the system
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the type of your terminal:
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.DS
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% \fBsetenv TERM\fP 2621
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.DE
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This command works with the
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.I csh
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shell.
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If you are using the standard Bourne shell
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.I sh
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then you should give the commands
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.DS
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$ \fBTERM=\fP2621
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$ \fBexport TERM\fP
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.DE
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.PP
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If you want to arrange to have your terminal type set up automatically
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when you log in, you can use the
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.I tset
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program.
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If you dial in on a
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.I mime ,
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but often use hardwired ports, a typical line for your
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.I .login
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file (if you use csh) would be
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.DS
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\fBsetenv TERM \(gatset\fP \- \-d mime\(ga
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.DE
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or for your
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.I .profile
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file (if you use sh)
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.DS
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\fBTERM=\(gatse\fPt \- \-d mime\(ga
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.DE
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.I Tset
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knows which terminals are hardwired to each port
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and needs only to be told that when you dial in you
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are probably on a
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.I mime .
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.I Tset
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is usually used to change the erase and kill characters, too.
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.NH 2
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Editing a file
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.PP
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After telling the system which kind of terminal you have, you should
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make a copy of a file you are familiar with, and run
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.I vi
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on this file, giving the command
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.DS
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% \fBvi\fR \fIname\fR
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.DE
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replacing \fIname\fR with the name of the copy file you just created.
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The screen should clear and the text of your file should appear on the
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screen. If something else happens refer to the footnote.\*(dd
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.FS
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\*(dd If you gave the system an incorrect terminal type code then the
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editor may have just made a mess out of your screen. This happens when
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it sends control codes for one kind of terminal to some other
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kind of terminal. In this case hit
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the keys \fB:q\fR (colon and the q key) and then hit the \s-2RETURN\s0 key.
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This should get you back to the command level interpreter.
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Figure out what you did wrong (ask someone else if necessary) and try again.
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Another thing which can go wrong is that you typed the wrong file name and
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the editor just printed an error diagnostic. In this case you should
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follow the above procedure for getting out of the editor, and try again
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this time spelling the file name correctly.
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If the editor doesn't seem to respond to the commands which you type
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here, try sending an interrupt to it by hitting the \s-2DEL\s0 or \s-2RUB\s0
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key on your terminal, and then hitting the \fB:q\fR command again followed
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by a carriage return.
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.sp
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.FE
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.NH 2
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The editor's copy: the buffer
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.PP
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The editor does not directly modify the file which you are editing.
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Rather, the editor makes a copy of this file, in a place called the
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.I buffer,
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and remembers the file's
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name. You do not affect the contents of the file unless and until you
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write the changes you make back into the original file.
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.NH 2
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Notational conventions
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.PP
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In our examples, input which must be typed as is will be presented in
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\fBbold face\fR. Text which should be replaced with appropriate input
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will be given in \fIitalics\fR. We will represent special characters
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in \s-2SMALL CAPITALS\s0.
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.NH 2
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Arrow keys
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.PP
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The editor command set is independent of the terminal
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you are using. On most terminals with cursor positioning keys, these keys
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will also work within the editor.
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If you don't have cursor positioning keys, or even if you do, you can use
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the \fBh j k\fR and \fBl\fR keys as cursor positioning
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keys (these are labelled with arrows on an
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.I adm3a).*
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.PP
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(Particular note for the HP2621: on this terminal the function keys
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must be \fIshifted\fR (ick) to send to the machine, otherwise they
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only act locally. Unshifted use will leave the cursor positioned
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incorrectly.)
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.FS
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* As we will see later,
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.I h
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moves back to the left (like control-h which is a backspace),
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.I j
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moves down (in the same column),
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.I k
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moves up (in the same column),
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and
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.I l
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moves to the right.
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.FE
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.NH 2
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Special characters: \s-2ESC\s0, \s-2CR\s0 and \s-2DEL\s0
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.PP
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Several of these special characters are very important, so be sure to
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find them right now. Look on your keyboard for a key labelled \s-2ESC\s0
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or \s-2ALT\s0. It should be near the upper left corner of your terminal.
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Try hitting this key a few times. The editor will ring the bell
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to indicate that it is in a quiescent state.\*(dd
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.FS
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\*(dd On smart terminals where it is possible, the editor will quietly
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flash the screen rather than ringing the bell.
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.FE
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Partially formed commands are cancelled by \s-2ESC\s0, and when you insert
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text in the file you end the text insertion
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with \s-2ESC\s0. This key is a fairly
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harmless one to hit, so you can just hit it if you don't know
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what is going on until the editor rings the bell.
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.PP
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The \s-2CR\s0 or \s-2RETURN\s0 key is important because it is used
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to terminate certain commands.
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It is usually at the right side of the keyboard,
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|
and is the same command used at the end of each shell command.
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.PP
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|
Another very useful key is the \s-2DEL\s0 or \s-2RUB\s0 key, which generates
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an interrupt, telling the editor to stop what it is doing.
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It is a forceful way of making the editor listen
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to you, or to return it to the quiescent state if you don't know or don't
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like what is going on. Try hitting the `/' key on your terminal. This
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key is used when you want to specify a string to be searched for. The
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cursor should now be positioned at the bottom line of the terminal after
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a `/' printed as a prompt. You can get the cursor back to the current
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position by hitting the \s-2DEL\s0 or \s-2RUB\s0 key; try this now.*
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.FS
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* Backspacing over the `/' will also cancel the search.
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.FE
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|
From now on we will simply refer to hitting the \s-2DEL\s0 or \s-2RUB\s0
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key as ``sending an interrupt.''**
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.FS
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** On some systems, this interruptibility comes at a price: you cannot type
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ahead when the editor is computing with the cursor on the bottom line.
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.FE
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.PP
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|
The editor often echoes your commands on the last line of the terminal.
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|
If the cursor is on the first position of this last line, then the editor
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|
is performing a computation, such as computing a new position in the
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file after a search or running a command to reformat part of the buffer.
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When this is happening you can stop the editor by
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sending an interrupt.
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.NH 2
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|
Getting out of the editor
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.PP
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After you have worked with this introduction for a while, and you wish
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to do something else, you can give the command \fBZZ\fP
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to the editor.
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This will write the contents of the editor's buffer back into
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the file you are editing, if you made any changes, and then quit from
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the editor. You can also end an editor
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session by giving the command \fB:q!\fR\s-2CR\s0;\*(dg
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.FS
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\*(dg All commands which read from the last display line can also be
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terminated with a \s-2ESC\s0 as well as an \s-2CR\s0.
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.FE
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|
this is a dangerous but occasionally essential
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command which ends the editor session and discards all your changes.
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You need to know about this command in case you change the editor's
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copy of a file you wish only to look at. Be very careful
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not to give this command when you really want to save
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the changes you have made.
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.NH 1
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Moving around in the file
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.NH 2
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Scrolling and paging
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.PP
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The editor has a number of commands for moving around in the file.
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The most useful of these is generated by hitting the control and D keys
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|
at the same time, a control-D or `^D'. We will use this two character
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|
notation for referring to these control keys from now on. You may have
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a key labelled `^' on your terminal. This key will be represented as `\(ua'
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in this document; `^' is exclusively used as part of the `^x' notation
|
|
for control characters.\*(dd
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.FS
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\*(dd If you don't have a `^' key on your terminal
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|
then there is probably a key labelled `\(ua'; in any case these characters
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|
are one and the same.
|
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.FE
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.PP
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|
As you know now if you tried hitting \fB^D\fR, this command scrolls down in
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the file. The \fBD\fR thus stands for down. Many editor commands are mnemonic
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|
and this makes them much easier to remember. For instance the command
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|
to scroll up is \fB^U\fR. Many dumb terminals can't scroll up at all, in which
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|
case hitting \fB^U\fR clears the screen and refreshes it
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|
with a line which is farther back in the file at the top.
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.PP
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|
If you want to see more of the file below where you are, you can
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hit \fB^E\fR to expose one more line at the bottom of the screen,
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|
leaving the cursor where it is.
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|
The command \fB^Y\fR (which is hopelessly non-mnemonic, but next to \fB^U\fR
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on the keyboard) exposes one more line at the top of the screen.
|
|
.PP
|
|
There are other ways to move around in the file; the keys \fB^F\fR and \fB^B\fR
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|
move forward and backward a page,
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|
keeping a couple of lines of continuity between screens
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|
so that it is possible to read through a file using these rather than
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|
\fB^D\fR and \fB^U\fR if you wish.
|
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.PP
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|
Notice the difference between scrolling and paging. If you are trying
|
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to read the text in a file, hitting \fB^F\fR to move forward a page
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will leave you only a little context to look back at. Scrolling on the
|
|
other hand leaves more context, and happens more smoothly. You can continue
|
|
to read the text as scrolling is taking place.
|
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.NH 2
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|
Searching, goto, and previous context
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.PP
|
|
Another way to position yourself in the file is by giving the editor a string
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to search for. Type the character \fB/\fR followed by a string of characters
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|
terminated by \s-2CR\s0. The editor will position the cursor
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|
at the next occurrence of this string.
|
|
Try hitting \fBn\fR to then go to the next occurrence of this string.
|
|
The character \fB?\fR will search backwards from where you are, and is
|
|
otherwise like \fB/\fR.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg These searches will normally wrap around the end of the file, and thus
|
|
find the string even if it is not on a line in the direction you search
|
|
provided it is anywhere else in the file. You can disable this wraparound
|
|
in scans by giving the command \fB:se nowrapscan\fR\s-2CR\s0,
|
|
or more briefly \fB:se nows\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the search string you give the editor is not present in the
|
|
file the editor will print
|
|
a diagnostic on the last line of the screen, and the cursor will be returned
|
|
to its initial position.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you wish the search to match only at the beginning of a line, begin
|
|
the search string with an \fB\(ua\fR. To match only at the end of
|
|
a line, end the search string with a \fB$\fR.
|
|
Thus \fB/\(uasearch\fR\s-2CR\s0 will search for the word `search' at
|
|
the beginning of a line, and \fB/last$\fR\s-2CR\s0 searches for the
|
|
word `last' at the end of a line.*
|
|
.FS
|
|
*Actually, the string you give to search for here can be a
|
|
.I "regular expression"
|
|
in the sense of the editors
|
|
.I ex (1)
|
|
and
|
|
.I ed (1).
|
|
If you don't wish to learn about this yet, you can disable this more
|
|
general facility by doing
|
|
\fB:se\ nomagic\fR\s-2CR\s0;
|
|
by putting this command in
|
|
EXINIT
|
|
in your environment, you can have this always be in effect (more
|
|
about
|
|
.I EXINIT
|
|
later.)
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The command \fBG\fR, when preceded by a number will position the cursor
|
|
at that line in the file.
|
|
Thus \fB1G\fR will move the cursor to
|
|
the first line of the file. If you give \fBG\fR no count, then it moves
|
|
to the end of the file.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are near the end of the file, and the last line is not at the bottom
|
|
of the screen, the editor will place only the character `~' on each remaining
|
|
line. This indicates that the last line in the file is on the screen;
|
|
that is, the `~' lines are past the end of the file.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can find out the state of the file you are editing by typing a \fB^G\fR.
|
|
The editor will show you the name of the file you are editing, the number
|
|
of the current line, the number of lines in the buffer, and the percentage
|
|
of the way through the buffer which you are.
|
|
Try doing this now, and remember the number of the line you are on.
|
|
Give a \fBG\fR command to get to the end and then another \fBG\fR command
|
|
to get back where you were.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can also get back to a previous position by using the command
|
|
\fB\(ga\(ga\fR (two back quotes).
|
|
This is often more convenient than \fBG\fR because it requires no advance
|
|
preparation.
|
|
Try giving a \fBG\fR or a search with \fB/\fR or \fB?\fR and then a
|
|
\fB\(ga\(ga\fR to get back to where you were. If you accidentally hit
|
|
\fBn\fR or any command which moves you far away from a context of interest, you
|
|
can quickly get back by hitting \fB\(ga\(ga\fR.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Moving around on the screen
|
|
.PP
|
|
Now try just moving the cursor around on the screen.
|
|
If your terminal has arrow keys (4 or 5 keys with arrows
|
|
going in each direction) try them and convince yourself
|
|
that they work.
|
|
If you don't have working arrow keys, you can always use
|
|
.B h ,
|
|
.B j ,
|
|
.B k ,
|
|
and
|
|
.B l .
|
|
Experienced users of
|
|
.I vi
|
|
prefer these keys to arrow keys,
|
|
because they are usually right underneath their fingers.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Hit the \fB+\fR key. Each time you do, notice that the cursor
|
|
advances to the next line in the file, at the first non-white position
|
|
on the line. The \fB\-\fR key is like \fB+\fR but goes the other way.
|
|
.PP
|
|
These are very common keys for moving up and down lines in the file.
|
|
Notice that if you go off the bottom or top with these keys then the
|
|
screen will scroll down (and up if possible) to bring a line at a time
|
|
into view. The \s-2RETURN\s0 key has the same effect as the \fB+\fR
|
|
key.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.I Vi
|
|
also has commands to take you to the top, middle and bottom of the screen.
|
|
\fBH\fR will take you to the top (home) line on the screen.
|
|
Try preceding it with a
|
|
number as in \fB3H\fR.
|
|
This will take you to the third line on the screen.
|
|
Many
|
|
.I vi
|
|
commands take preceding numbers and do interesting things with them.
|
|
Try \fBM\fR,
|
|
which takes you to the middle line on the screen,
|
|
and \fBL\fR,
|
|
which takes you to the last line on the screen.
|
|
\fBL\fR also takes counts, thus
|
|
\fB5L\fR will take you to the fifth line from the bottom.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Moving within a line
|
|
.PP
|
|
Now try picking a word on some line on the screen, not the
|
|
first word on the line.
|
|
move the cursor using \s-2RETURN\s0 and \fB\-\fR to be on the line where
|
|
the word is.
|
|
Try hitting the \fBw\fR key. This will advance the cursor to the
|
|
next word on the line.
|
|
Try hitting the \fBb\fR key to back up words
|
|
in the line.
|
|
Also try the \fBe\fR key which advances you to the end of the current
|
|
word rather than to the beginning of the next word.
|
|
Also try \s-2SPACE\s0 (the space bar) which moves right one character
|
|
and the \s-2BS\s0 (backspace or \fB^H\fR) key which moves left one character.
|
|
The key \fBh\fR works as \fB^H\fR does and is useful if you don't have
|
|
a \s-2BS\s0 key.
|
|
(Also, as noted just above, \fBl\fR will move to the right.)
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the line had punctuation in it you may have noticed that
|
|
that the \fBw\fR and \fBb\fR
|
|
keys stopped at each group of punctuation. You can also go back and
|
|
forwards words without stopping at punctuation by using \fBW\fR and \fBB\fR
|
|
rather than the lower case equivalents. Think of these as bigger words.
|
|
Try these on a few lines with punctuation to see how they differ from
|
|
the lower case \fBw\fR and \fBb\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The word keys wrap around the end of line,
|
|
rather than stopping at the end. Try moving to a word on a line below
|
|
where you are by repeatedly hitting \fBw\fR.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Summary
|
|
.IP
|
|
.TS
|
|
lw(.50i)b a.
|
|
\fR\s-2SPACE\s0\fP advance the cursor one position
|
|
^B backwards to previous page
|
|
^D scrolls down in the file
|
|
^E exposes another line at the bottom
|
|
^F forward to next page
|
|
^G tell what is going on
|
|
^H backspace the cursor
|
|
^N next line, same column
|
|
^P previous line, same column
|
|
^U scrolls up in the file
|
|
^Y exposes another line at the top
|
|
+ next line, at the beginning
|
|
\- previous line, at the beginning
|
|
/ scan for a following string forwards
|
|
? scan backwards
|
|
B back a word, ignoring punctuation
|
|
G go to specified line, last default
|
|
H home screen line
|
|
M middle screen line
|
|
L last screen line
|
|
W forward a word, ignoring punctuation
|
|
b back a word
|
|
e end of current word
|
|
n scan for next instance of \fB/\fR or \fB?\fR pattern
|
|
w word after this word
|
|
.TE
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
View
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you want to use the editor to look at a file,
|
|
rather than to make changes,
|
|
invoke it as
|
|
.I view
|
|
instead of
|
|
.I vi .
|
|
This will set the
|
|
.I readonly
|
|
option which will prevent you from
|
|
accidently overwriting the file.
|
|
.sp
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
Making simple changes
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Inserting
|
|
.PP
|
|
One of the most useful commands is the
|
|
\fBi\fR (insert) command.
|
|
After you type \fBi\fR, everything you type until you hit \s-2ESC\s0
|
|
is inserted into the file.
|
|
Try this now; position yourself to some word in the file and try inserting
|
|
text before this word.
|
|
If you are on an dumb terminal it will seem, for a minute,
|
|
that some of the characters in your line have been overwritten, but they will
|
|
reappear when you hit \s-2ESC\s0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Now try finding a word which can, but does not, end in an `s'.
|
|
Position yourself at this word and type \fBe\fR (move to end of word), then
|
|
\fBa\fR for append and then `s\s-2ESC\s0' to terminate the textual insert.
|
|
This sequence of commands can be used to easily pluralize a word.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Try inserting and appending a few times to make sure you understand how
|
|
this works; \fBi\fR placing text to the left of the cursor, \fBa\fR to
|
|
the right.
|
|
.PP
|
|
It is often the case that you want to add new lines to the file you are
|
|
editing, before or after some specific line in the file. Find a line
|
|
where this makes sense and then give the command \fBo\fR to create a
|
|
new line after the line you are on, or the command \fBO\fR to create
|
|
a new line before the line you are on. After you create a new line in
|
|
this way, text you type up to an \s-2ESC\s0 is inserted on the new line.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Many related editor commands
|
|
are invoked by the same letter key and differ only in that one is given
|
|
by a lower
|
|
case key and the other is given by
|
|
an upper case key. In these cases, the
|
|
upper case key often differs from the lower case key in its sense of
|
|
direction, with
|
|
the upper case key working backward and/or up, while the lower case
|
|
key moves forward and/or down.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Whenever you are typing in text, you can give many lines of input or
|
|
just a few characters.
|
|
To type in more than one line of text,
|
|
hit a \s-2RETURN\s0 at the middle of your input. A new line will be created
|
|
for text, and you can continue to type. If you are on a slow
|
|
and dumb terminal the editor may choose to wait to redraw the
|
|
tail of the screen, and will let you type over the existing screen lines.
|
|
This avoids the lengthy delay which would occur if the editor attempted
|
|
to keep the tail of the screen always up to date. The tail of the screen will
|
|
be fixed up, and the missing lines will reappear, when you hit \s-2ESC\s0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
While you are inserting new text, you can use the characters you normally use
|
|
at the system command level (usually \fB^H\fR or \fB#\fR) to backspace
|
|
over the last
|
|
character which you typed, and the character which you use to kill input lines
|
|
(usually \fB@\fR, \fB^X\fR, or \fB^U\fR)
|
|
to erase the input you have typed on the current line.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg In fact, the character \fB^H\fR (backspace) always works to erase the
|
|
last input character here, regardless of what your erase character is.
|
|
.FE
|
|
The character \fB^W\fR
|
|
will erase a whole word and leave you after the space after the previous
|
|
word; it is useful for quickly backing up in an insert.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Notice that when you backspace during an insertion the characters you
|
|
backspace over are not erased; the cursor moves backwards, and the characters
|
|
remain on the display. This is often useful if you are planning to type
|
|
in something similar. In any case the characters disappear when when
|
|
you hit \s-2ESC\s0; if you want to get rid of them immediately, hit an
|
|
\s-2ESC\s0 and then \fBa\fR again.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Notice also that you can't erase characters which you didn't insert, and that
|
|
you can't backspace around the end of a line. If you need to back up
|
|
to the previous line to make a correction, just hit \s-2ESC\s0 and move
|
|
the cursor back to the previous line. After making the correction you
|
|
can return to where you were and use the insert or append command again.
|
|
.sp .5
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Making small corrections
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can make small corrections in existing text quite easily.
|
|
Find a single character which is wrong or just pick any character.
|
|
Use the arrow keys to find the character, or
|
|
get near the character with the word motion keys and then either
|
|
backspace (hit the \s-2BS\s0 key or \fB^H\fR or even just \fBh\fR) or
|
|
\s-2SPACE\s0 (using the space bar)
|
|
until the cursor is on the character which is wrong.
|
|
If the character is not needed then hit the \fBx\fP key; this deletes
|
|
the character from the file. It is analogous to the way you \fBx\fP
|
|
out characters when you make mistakes on a typewriter (except it's not
|
|
as messy).
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the character
|
|
is incorrect, you can replace it with the correct character by giving
|
|
the command \fBr\fR\fIc\fR,
|
|
where \fIc\fR is replaced by the correct character.
|
|
Finally if the character which is incorrect should be replaced
|
|
by more than one character, give the command \fBs\fR which substitutes
|
|
a string of characters, ending with \s-2ESC\s0, for it.
|
|
If there are a small number of characters
|
|
which are wrong you can precede \fBs\fR with a count of the number of
|
|
characters to be replaced. Counts are also useful with \fBx\fR to specify
|
|
the number of characters to be deleted.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
More corrections: operators
|
|
.PP
|
|
You already know almost enough to make changes at a higher level.
|
|
All you need to know now is that the
|
|
.B d
|
|
key acts as a delete operator. Try the command
|
|
.B dw
|
|
to delete a word.
|
|
Try hitting \fB.\fR a few times. Notice that this repeats the effect
|
|
of the \fBdw\fR. The command \fB.\fR repeats the last command which
|
|
made a change. You can remember it by analogy with an ellipsis `\fB...\fR'.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Now try
|
|
\fBdb\fR.
|
|
This deletes a word backwards, namely the preceding word.
|
|
Try
|
|
\fBd\fR\s-2SPACE\s0. This deletes a single character, and is equivalent
|
|
to the \fBx\fR command.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Another very useful operator is
|
|
.B c
|
|
or change. The command
|
|
.B cw
|
|
thus changes the text of a single word.
|
|
You follow it by the replacement text ending with an \s-2ESC\s0.
|
|
Find a word which you can change to another, and try this
|
|
now.
|
|
Notice that the end of the text to be changed was marked with the character
|
|
`$' so that you can see this as you are typing in the new material.
|
|
.sp .5
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Operating on lines
|
|
.PP
|
|
It is often the case that you want to operate on lines.
|
|
Find a line which you want to delete, and type
|
|
\fBdd\fR,
|
|
the
|
|
.B d
|
|
operator twice. This will delete the line.
|
|
If you are on a dumb terminal, the editor may just erase the line on
|
|
the screen, replacing it with a line with only an @ on it. This line
|
|
does not correspond to any line in your file, but only acts as a place
|
|
holder. It helps to avoid a lengthy redraw of the rest of the screen
|
|
which would be necessary to close up the hole created by the deletion
|
|
on a terminal without a delete line capability.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Try repeating the
|
|
.B c
|
|
operator twice; this will change a whole line, erasing its previous contents and
|
|
replacing them with text you type up to an \s-2ESC\s0.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg The command \fBS\fR is a convenient synonym for for \fBcc\fR, by
|
|
analogy with \fBs\fR. Think of \fBS\fR as a substitute on lines, while
|
|
\fBs\fR is a substitute on characters.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can delete or change more than one line by preceding the
|
|
.B dd
|
|
or
|
|
.B cc
|
|
with a count, i.e. \fB5dd\fR deletes 5 lines.
|
|
You can also give a command like \fBdL\fR to delete all the lines up to
|
|
and including
|
|
the last line on the screen, or \fBd3L\fR to delete through the third from
|
|
the bottom line. Try some commands like this now.*
|
|
.FS
|
|
* One subtle point here involves using the \fB/\fR search after a \fBd\fR.
|
|
This will normally delete characters from the current position to the
|
|
point of the match. If what is desired is to delete whole lines
|
|
including the two points, give the pattern as \fB/pat/+0\fR, a line address.
|
|
.FE
|
|
Notice that the editor lets you know when you change a large number of
|
|
lines so that you can see the extent of the change.
|
|
The editor will also always tell you when a change you make affects text which
|
|
you cannot see.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Undoing
|
|
.PP
|
|
Now suppose that the last change which you made was incorrect;
|
|
you could use the insert, delete and append commands to put the correct
|
|
material back. However, since it is often the case that we regret a
|
|
change or make a change incorrectly, the editor provides a
|
|
.B u
|
|
(undo) command to reverse the last change which you made.
|
|
Try this a few times, and give it twice in a row to notice that an
|
|
.B u
|
|
also undoes a
|
|
.B u.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The undo command lets you reverse only a single change. After you make
|
|
a number of changes to a line, you may decide that you would rather have
|
|
the original state of the line back. The
|
|
.B U
|
|
command restores the current line to the state before you started changing
|
|
it.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can recover text which you delete, even if
|
|
undo will not bring it back; see the section on recovering lost text
|
|
below.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Summary
|
|
.IP
|
|
.TS
|
|
lw(.50i)b a.
|
|
\fR\s-2SPACE\s0\fP advance the cursor one position
|
|
^H backspace the cursor
|
|
^W erase a word during an insert
|
|
\fRerase\fP your erase (usually ^H or #), erases a character during an insert
|
|
\fRkill\fP your kill (usually @, ^X, or ^U), kills the insert on this line
|
|
\&\fB.\fP repeats the changing command
|
|
O opens and inputs new lines, above the current
|
|
U undoes the changes you made to the current line
|
|
a appends text after the cursor
|
|
c changes the object you specify to the following text
|
|
d deletes the object you specify
|
|
i inserts text before the cursor
|
|
o opens and inputs new lines, below the current
|
|
u undoes the last change
|
|
.TE
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
Moving about; rearranging and duplicating text
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Low level character motions
|
|
.PP
|
|
Now move the cursor to a line where there is a punctuation or a bracketing
|
|
character such as a parenthesis or a comma or period. Try the command
|
|
\fBf\fR\fIx\fR where \fIx\fR is this character. This command finds
|
|
the next \fIx\fR character to the right of the cursor in the current
|
|
line. Try then hitting a \fB;\fR, which finds the next instance of the
|
|
same character. By using the \fBf\fR command and then a sequence of
|
|
\fB;\fR's you can often
|
|
get to a particular place in a line much faster than with a sequence
|
|
of word motions or \s-2SPACE\s0s.
|
|
There is also a \fBF\fR command, which is like \fBf\fR, but searches
|
|
backward. The \fB;\fR command repeats \fBF\fR also.
|
|
.PP
|
|
When you are operating on the text in a line it is often desirable to
|
|
deal with the characters up to, but not including, the first instance of
|
|
a character. Try \fBdf\fR\fIx\fR for some \fIx\fR now and
|
|
notice that the \fIx\fR character is deleted. Undo this with \fBu\fR
|
|
and then try \fBdt\fR\fIx\fR; the \fBt\fR here stands for to, i.e.
|
|
delete up to the next \fIx\fR, but not the \fIx\fR. The command \fBT\fR
|
|
is the reverse of \fBt\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
When working with the text of a single line, an \fB\(ua\fR moves the
|
|
cursor to the first non-white position on the line, and a
|
|
\fB$\fR moves it to the end of the line. Thus \fB$a\fR will append new
|
|
text at the end of the current line.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Your file may have tab (\fB^I\fR) characters in it. These
|
|
characters are represented as a number of spaces expanding to a tab stop,
|
|
where tab stops are every 8 positions.*
|
|
.FS
|
|
* This is settable by a command of the form \fB:se ts=\fR\fIx\fR\s-2CR\s0,
|
|
where \fIx\fR is 4 to set tabstops every four columns. This has
|
|
effect on the screen representation within the editor.
|
|
.FE
|
|
When the cursor is at a tab, it sits on the last of the several spaces
|
|
which represent that tab. Try moving the cursor back and forth over
|
|
tabs so you understand how this works.
|
|
.PP
|
|
On rare occasions, your file may have nonprinting characters in it.
|
|
These characters are displayed in the same way they are represented in
|
|
this document, that is with a two character code, the first character
|
|
of which is `^'. On the screen non-printing characters resemble a `^'
|
|
character adjacent to another, but spacing or backspacing over the character
|
|
will reveal that the two characters are, like the spaces representing
|
|
a tab character, a single character.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor sometimes discards control characters,
|
|
depending on the character and the setting of the
|
|
.I beautify
|
|
option,
|
|
if you attempt to insert them in your file.
|
|
You can get a control character in the file by beginning
|
|
an insert and then typing a \fB^V\fR before the control
|
|
character. The
|
|
\fB^V\fR quotes the following character, causing it to be
|
|
inserted directly into the file.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Higher level text objects
|
|
.PP
|
|
In working with a document it is often advantageous to work in terms
|
|
of sentences, paragraphs, and sections. The operations \fB(\fR and \fB)\fR
|
|
move to the beginning of the previous and next sentences respectively.
|
|
Thus the command \fBd)\fR will delete the rest of the current sentence;
|
|
likewise \fBd(\fR will delete the previous sentence if you are at the
|
|
beginning of the current sentence, or the current sentence up to where
|
|
you are if you are not at the beginning of the current sentence.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A sentence is defined to end at a `.', `!' or `?' which is followed by
|
|
either the end of a line, or by two spaces. Any number of closing `)',
|
|
`]', `"' and `\(aa' characters may appear after the `.', `!' or `?' before
|
|
the spaces or end of line.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The operations \fB{\fR and \fB}\fR move over paragraphs and the operations
|
|
\fB[[\fR and \fB]]\fR move over sections.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg The \fB[[\fR and \fB]]\fR operations
|
|
require the operation character to be doubled because they can move the
|
|
cursor far from where it currently is. While it is easy to get back
|
|
with the command \fB\(ga\(ga\fP,
|
|
these commands would still be frustrating
|
|
if they were easy to hit accidentally.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also
|
|
at each of a set of paragraph macros, specified by the pairs of characters
|
|
in the definition of the string valued option \fIparagraphs\fR.
|
|
The default setting for this option defines the paragraph macros of the
|
|
\fI\-ms\fR and \fI\-mm\fR macro packages, i.e. the `.IP', `.LP', `.PP'
|
|
and `.QP', `.P' and `.LI' macros.\*(dd
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dd You can easily change or extend this set of macros by assigning a
|
|
different string to the \fIparagraphs\fR option in your EXINIT.
|
|
See section 6.2 for details.
|
|
The `.bp' directive is also considered to start a paragraph.
|
|
.FE
|
|
Each paragraph boundary is also a sentence boundary. The sentence
|
|
and paragraph commands can
|
|
be given counts to operate over groups of sentences and paragraphs.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Sections in the editor begin after each macro in the \fIsections\fR option,
|
|
normally `.NH', `.SH', `.H' and `.HU', and each line with a formfeed \fB^L\fR
|
|
in the first column.
|
|
Section boundaries are always line and paragraph boundaries also.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Try experimenting with the sentence and paragraph commands until you are
|
|
sure how they work. If you have a large document, try looking through
|
|
it using the section commands.
|
|
The section commands interpret a preceding count as a different window size in
|
|
which to redraw the screen at the new location, and this window size
|
|
is the base size for newly drawn windows until another size is specified.
|
|
This is very useful
|
|
if you are on a slow terminal and are looking for a particular section.
|
|
You can give the first section command a small count to then see each successive
|
|
section heading in a small window.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Rearranging and duplicating text
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor has a single unnamed buffer where the last deleted or
|
|
changed away text is saved, and a set of named buffers \fBa\fR\-\fBz\fR
|
|
which you can use to save copies of text and to move text around in
|
|
your file and between files.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The operator
|
|
.B y
|
|
yanks a copy of the object which follows into the unnamed buffer.
|
|
If preceded by a buffer name, \fB"\fR\fIx\fR\|\fBy\fR, where
|
|
\fIx\fR here is replaced by a letter \fBa\-z\fR, it places the text in the named
|
|
buffer. The text can then be put back in the file with the commands
|
|
.B p
|
|
and
|
|
.B P;
|
|
\fBp\fR puts the text after or below the cursor, while \fBP\fR puts the text
|
|
before or above the cursor.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the text which you
|
|
yank forms a part of a line, or is an object such as a sentence which
|
|
partially spans more than one line, then when you put the text back,
|
|
it will be placed after the cursor (or before if you
|
|
use \fBP\fR). If the yanked text forms whole lines, they will be put
|
|
back as whole lines, without changing the current line. In this case,
|
|
the put acts much like a \fBo\fR or \fBO\fR command.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Try the command \fBYP\fR. This makes a copy of the current line and
|
|
leaves you on this copy, which is placed before the current line.
|
|
The command \fBY\fR is a convenient abbreviation for \fByy\fR.
|
|
The command \fBYp\fR will also make a copy of the current line, and place
|
|
it after the current line. You can give \fBY\fR a count of lines to
|
|
yank, and thus duplicate several lines; try \fB3YP\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
To move text within the buffer, you need to delete it in one place, and
|
|
put it back in another. You can precede a delete operation by the
|
|
name of a buffer in which the text is to be stored as in \fB"a5dd\fR
|
|
deleting 5 lines into the named buffer \fIa\fR. You can then move the
|
|
cursor to the eventual resting place of the these lines and do a \fB"ap\fR
|
|
or \fB"aP\fR to put them back.
|
|
In fact, you can switch and edit another file before you put the lines
|
|
back, by giving a command of the form \fB:e \fR\fIname\fR\s-2CR\s0 where
|
|
\fIname\fR is the name of the other file you want to edit. You will
|
|
have to write back the contents of the current editor buffer (or discard
|
|
them) if you have made changes before the editor will let you switch
|
|
to the other file.
|
|
An ordinary delete command saves the text in the unnamed buffer,
|
|
so that an ordinary put can move it elsewhere.
|
|
However, the unnamed buffer is lost when you change files,
|
|
so to move text from one file to another you should use an unnamed buffer.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Summary.
|
|
.IP
|
|
.TS
|
|
lw(.50i)b a.
|
|
\(ua first non-white on line
|
|
$ end of line
|
|
) forward sentence
|
|
} forward paragraph
|
|
]] forward section
|
|
( backward sentence
|
|
{ backward paragraph
|
|
[[ backward section
|
|
f\fIx\fR find \fIx\fR forward in line
|
|
p put text back, after cursor or below current line
|
|
y yank operator, for copies and moves
|
|
t\fIx\fR up to \fIx\fR forward, for operators
|
|
F\fIx\fR f backward in line
|
|
P put text back, before cursor or above current line
|
|
T\fIx\fR t backward in line
|
|
.TE
|
|
.ne 1i
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
High level commands
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Writing, quitting, editing new files
|
|
.PP
|
|
So far we have seen how to enter
|
|
.I vi
|
|
and to write out our file using either
|
|
\fBZZ\fR or \fB:w\fR\s-2CR\s0. The first exits from
|
|
the editor,
|
|
(writing if changes were made),
|
|
the second writes and stays in the editor.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you have changed the editor's copy of the file but do not wish to
|
|
save your changes, either because you messed up the file or decided that the
|
|
changes are not an improvement to the file, then you can give the command
|
|
\fB:q!\fR\s-2CR\s0 to quit from the editor without writing the changes.
|
|
You can also reedit the same file (starting over) by giving the command
|
|
\fB:e!\fR\s-2CR\s0. These commands should be used only rarely, and with
|
|
caution, as it is not possible to recover the changes you have made after
|
|
you discard them in this manner.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can edit a different file without leaving the editor by giving the
|
|
command \fB:e\fR\ \fIname\fR\s-2CR\s0. If you have not written out
|
|
your file before you try to do this, then the editor will tell you this,
|
|
and delay editing the other file. You can then give the command
|
|
\fB:w\fR\s-2CR\s0 to save your work and then the \fB:e\fR\ \fIname\fR\s-2CR\s0
|
|
command again, or carefully give the command \fB:e!\fR\ \fIname\fR\s-2CR\s0,
|
|
which edits the other file discarding the changes you have made to the
|
|
current file.
|
|
To have the editor automatically save changes,
|
|
include
|
|
.I "set autowrite"
|
|
in your EXINIT,
|
|
and use \fB:n\fP instead of \fB:e\fP.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Escaping to a shell
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can get to a shell to execute a single command by giving a
|
|
.I vi
|
|
command of the form \fB:!\fIcmd\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
The system will run the single command
|
|
.I cmd
|
|
and when the command finishes, the editor will ask you to hit a \s-2RETURN\s0
|
|
to continue. When you have finished looking at the output on the screen,
|
|
you should hit \s-2RETURN\s0 and the editor will clear the screen and
|
|
redraw it. You can then continue editing.
|
|
You can also give another \fB:\fR command when it asks you for a \s-2RETURN\s0;
|
|
in this case the screen will not be redrawn.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you wish to execute more than one command in the shell, then you can
|
|
give the command \fB:sh\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
This will give you a new shell, and when you finish with the shell, ending
|
|
it by typing a \fB^D\fR, the editor will clear the screen and continue.
|
|
.PP
|
|
On systems which support it, \fB^Z\fP will suspend the editor
|
|
and return to the (top level) shell.
|
|
When the editor is resumed, the screen will be redrawn.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Marking and returning
|
|
.PP
|
|
The command \fB\(ga\(ga\fR returned to the previous place
|
|
after a motion of the cursor by a command such as \fB/\fR, \fB?\fR or
|
|
\fBG\fR. You can also mark lines in the file with single letter tags
|
|
and return to these marks later by naming the tags. Try marking the
|
|
current line with the command \fBm\fR\fIx\fR, where you should pick some
|
|
letter for \fIx\fR, say `a'. Then move the cursor to a different line
|
|
(any way you like) and hit \fB\(gaa\fR. The cursor will return to the
|
|
place which you marked.
|
|
Marks last only until you edit another file.
|
|
.PP
|
|
When using operators such as
|
|
.B d
|
|
and referring to marked lines, it is often desirable to delete whole lines
|
|
rather than deleting to the exact position in the line marked by \fBm\fR.
|
|
In this case you can use the form \fB\(aa\fR\fIx\fR rather than
|
|
\fB\(ga\fR\fIx\fR. Used without an operator, \fB\(aa\fR\fIx\fR will move to
|
|
the first non-white character of the marked line; similarly \fB\(aa\(aa\fR
|
|
moves to the first non-white character of the line containing the previous
|
|
context mark \fB\(ga\(ga\fR.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Adjusting the screen
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the screen image is messed up because of a transmission error to your
|
|
terminal, or because some program other than the editor wrote output
|
|
to your terminal, you can hit a \fB^L\fR, the \s-2ASCII\s0 form-feed
|
|
character, to cause the screen to be refreshed.
|
|
.PP
|
|
On a dumb terminal, if there are @ lines in the middle of the screen
|
|
as a result of line deletion, you may get rid of these lines by typing
|
|
\fB^R\fR to cause the editor to retype the screen, closing up these holes.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Finally, if you wish to place a certain line on the screen at the top
|
|
middle or bottom of the screen, you can position the cursor to that line,
|
|
and then give a \fBz\fR command.
|
|
You should follow the \fBz\fR command with a \s-2RETURN\s0 if you want
|
|
the line to appear at the top of the window, a \fB.\fR if you want it
|
|
at the center, or a \fB\-\fR if you want it at the bottom.
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
Special topics
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Editing on slow terminals
|
|
.PP
|
|
When you are on a slow terminal, it is important to limit the amount
|
|
of output which is generated to your screen so that you will not suffer
|
|
long delays, waiting for the screen to be refreshed. We have already
|
|
pointed out how the editor optimizes the updating of the screen during
|
|
insertions on dumb terminals to limit the delays, and how the editor erases
|
|
lines to @ when they are deleted on dumb terminals.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The use of the slow terminal insertion mode is controlled by the
|
|
.I slowopen
|
|
option. You can force the editor to use this mode even on faster terminals
|
|
by giving the command \fB:se slow\fR\s-2CR\s0. If your system is sluggish
|
|
this helps lessen the amount of output coming to your terminal.
|
|
You can disable this option by \fB:se noslow\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor can simulate an intelligent terminal on a dumb one. Try
|
|
giving the command \fB:se redraw\fR\s-2CR\s0. This simulation generates
|
|
a great deal of output and is generally tolerable only on lightly loaded
|
|
systems and fast terminals. You can disable this by giving the command
|
|
\fB:se noredraw\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor also makes editing more pleasant at low speed by starting
|
|
editing in a small window, and letting the window expand as you edit.
|
|
This works particularly well on intelligent terminals. The editor can
|
|
expand the window easily when you insert in the middle of the screen
|
|
on these terminals. If possible, try the editor on an intelligent terminal
|
|
to see how this works.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can control the size of the window which is redrawn each time the
|
|
screen is cleared by giving window sizes as argument to the commands
|
|
which cause large screen motions:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.B ": / ? [[ ]] \(ga \(aa"
|
|
.DE
|
|
Thus if you are searching for a particular instance of a common string
|
|
in a file you can precede the first search command by a small number,
|
|
say 3, and the editor will draw three line windows around each instance
|
|
of the string which it locates.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can easily expand or contract the window, placing the current line
|
|
as you choose, by giving a number on a \fBz\fR command, after the \fBz\fR
|
|
and before the following \s-2RETURN\s0, \fB.\fR or \fB\-\fR. Thus the
|
|
command \fBz5.\fR redraws the screen with the current line in the center
|
|
of a five line window.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg Note that the command \fB5z.\fR has an entirely different effect,
|
|
placing line 5 in the center of a new window.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the editor is redrawing or otherwise updating large portions of the
|
|
display, you can interrupt this updating by hitting a \s-2DEL\s0 or \s-2RUB\s0
|
|
as usual. If you do this you may partially confuse the editor about
|
|
what is displayed on the screen. You can still edit the text on
|
|
the screen if you wish; clear up the confusion
|
|
by hitting a \fB^L\fR; or move or search again, ignoring the
|
|
current state of the display.
|
|
.PP
|
|
See section 7.8 on \fIopen\fR mode for another way to use the
|
|
.I vi
|
|
command set on slow terminals.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Options, set, and editor startup files
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor has a set of options, some of which have been mentioned above.
|
|
The most useful options are given in the following table.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The options are of three kinds: numeric options, string options, and
|
|
toggle options. You can set numeric and string options by a statement
|
|
of the form
|
|
.DS
|
|
\fBset\fR \fIopt\fR\fB=\fR\fIval\fR
|
|
.DE
|
|
and toggle options can be set or unset by statements of one of the forms
|
|
.DS
|
|
\fBset\fR \fIopt\fR
|
|
\fBset\fR \fBno\fR\fIopt\fR
|
|
.DE
|
|
.KF
|
|
.TS
|
|
lb lb lb lb
|
|
l l l a.
|
|
Name Default Description
|
|
_
|
|
autoindent noai Supply indentation automatically
|
|
autowrite noaw Automatic write before \fB:n\fR, \fB:ta\fR, \fB^\(ua\fR, \fB!\fR
|
|
ignorecase noic Ignore case in searching
|
|
lisp nolisp \fB( { ) }\fR commands deal with S-expressions
|
|
list nolist Tabs print as ^I; end of lines marked with $
|
|
magic nomagic The characters . [ and * are special in scans
|
|
number nonu Lines are displayed prefixed with line numbers
|
|
paragraphs para=IPLPPPQPbpP LI Macro names which start paragraphs
|
|
redraw nore Simulate a smart terminal on a dumb one
|
|
sections sect=NHSHH HU Macro names which start new sections
|
|
shiftwidth sw=8 Shift distance for <, > and input \fB^D\fP and \fB^T\fR
|
|
showmatch nosm Show matching \fB(\fP or \fB{\fP as \fB)\fP or \fB}\fR is typed
|
|
slowopen slow Postpone display updates during inserts
|
|
term dumb The kind of terminal you are using.
|
|
.TE
|
|
.KE
|
|
These statements can be placed in your EXINIT in your environment,
|
|
or given while you are running
|
|
.I vi
|
|
by preceding them with a \fB:\fR and following them with a \s-2CR\s0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can get a list of all options which you have changed by the
|
|
command \fB:set\fR\s-2CR\s0, or the value of a single option by the
|
|
command \fB:set\fR \fIopt\fR\fB?\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
A list of all possible options and their values is generated by
|
|
\fB:set all\fP\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
Set can be abbreviated \fBse\fP.
|
|
Multiple options can be placed on one line, e.g.
|
|
\fB:se ai aw nu\fP\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Options set by the \fBset\fP command only last
|
|
while you stay in the editor.
|
|
It is common to want to have certain options set whenever you
|
|
use the editor.
|
|
This can be accomplished by creating a list of \fIex\fP commands\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg
|
|
All commands which start with
|
|
.B :
|
|
are \fIex\fP commands.
|
|
.FE
|
|
which are to be run every time you start up \fIex\fP, \fIedit\fP,
|
|
or \fIvi\fP.
|
|
A typical list includes a \fBset\fP command, and possibly a few
|
|
\fBmap\fP commands.
|
|
Since it is advisable to get these commands on one line, they can
|
|
be separated with the | character, for example:
|
|
.DS
|
|
\fBset\fP ai aw terse|\fBmap\fP @ dd|\fBmap\fP # x
|
|
.DE
|
|
which sets the options \fIautoindent\fP, \fIautowrite\fP, \fIterse\fP,
|
|
(the
|
|
.B set
|
|
command),
|
|
makes @ delete a line,
|
|
(the first
|
|
.B map ),
|
|
and makes # delete a character,
|
|
(the second
|
|
.B map ).
|
|
(See section 6.9 for a description of the \fBmap\fP command)
|
|
This string should be placed in the variable EXINIT in your environment.
|
|
If you use the shell \fIcsh\fP,
|
|
put this line in the file
|
|
.I .login
|
|
in your home directory:
|
|
.DS
|
|
setenv EXINIT \(aa\fBset\fP ai aw terse|\fBmap\fP @ dd|\fBmap\fP # x\(aa
|
|
.DE
|
|
If you use the standard shell \fIsh\fP,
|
|
put these lines in the file
|
|
.I .profile
|
|
in your home directory:
|
|
.DS
|
|
EXINIT=\(aa\fBset\fP ai aw terse|\fBmap\fP @ dd|\fBmap\fP # x\(aa
|
|
export EXINIT
|
|
.DE
|
|
Of course, the particulars of the line would depend on which options
|
|
you wanted to set.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Recovering lost lines
|
|
.PP
|
|
You might have a serious problem if you delete a number of lines and then
|
|
regret that they were deleted. Despair not, the editor saves the last
|
|
9 deleted blocks of text in a set of numbered registers 1\-9.
|
|
You can get the \fIn\fR'th previous deleted text back in your file by
|
|
the command
|
|
"\fR\fIn\fR\|\fBp\fR.
|
|
The "\fR here says that a buffer name is to follow,
|
|
\fIn\fR is the number of the buffer you wish to try
|
|
(use the number 1 for now),
|
|
and
|
|
.B p
|
|
is the put command, which puts text in the buffer after the cursor.
|
|
If this doesn't bring back the text you wanted, hit
|
|
.B u
|
|
to undo this and then
|
|
\fB\&.\fR
|
|
(period)
|
|
to repeat the put command.
|
|
In general the
|
|
\fB\&.\fR
|
|
command will repeat the last change you made.
|
|
As a special case, when the last command refers to a numbered text buffer,
|
|
the \fB.\fR command increments the number of the buffer before repeating
|
|
the command. Thus a sequence of the form
|
|
.DS
|
|
\fB"1pu.u.u.\fR
|
|
.DE
|
|
will, if repeated long enough, show you all the deleted text which has
|
|
been saved for you.
|
|
You can omit the
|
|
.B u
|
|
commands here to gather up all this text in the buffer, or stop after any
|
|
\fB\&.\fR command to keep just the then recovered text.
|
|
The command
|
|
.B P
|
|
can also be used rather than
|
|
.B p
|
|
to put the recovered text before rather than after the cursor.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Recovering lost files
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the system crashes, you can recover the work you were doing
|
|
to within a few changes. You will normally receive mail when you next
|
|
login giving you the name of the file which has been saved for you.
|
|
You should then change to the directory where you were when the system
|
|
crashed and give a command of the form:
|
|
.DS
|
|
% \fBvi \-r\fR \fIname\fR
|
|
.DE
|
|
replacing \fIname\fR with the name of the file which you were editing.
|
|
This will recover your work to a point near where you left off.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg In rare cases, some of the lines of the file may be lost. The
|
|
editor will give you the numbers of these lines and the text of the lines
|
|
will be replaced by the string `LOST'. These lines will almost always
|
|
be among the last few which you changed. You can either choose to discard
|
|
the changes which you made (if they are easy to remake) or to replace
|
|
the few lost lines by hand.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can get a listing of the files which are saved for you by giving
|
|
the command:
|
|
.DS
|
|
% \fBvi \-r\fR
|
|
.DE
|
|
If there is more than one instance of a particular file saved, the editor
|
|
gives you the newest instance each time you recover it. You can thus
|
|
get an older saved copy back by first recovering the newer copies.
|
|
.PP
|
|
For this feature to work,
|
|
.I vi
|
|
must be correctly installed by a super user on your system,
|
|
and the
|
|
.I mail
|
|
program must exist to receive mail.
|
|
The invocation ``\fIvi -r\fP'' will not always list all saved files,
|
|
but they can be recovered even if they are not listed.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Continuous text input
|
|
.PP
|
|
When you are typing in large amounts of text it is convenient to have
|
|
lines broken near the right margin automatically. You can cause this
|
|
to happen by giving the command
|
|
\fB:se wm=10\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
This causes all lines to be broken at a space at least 10 columns
|
|
from the right hand edge of the screen.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the editor breaks an input line and you wish to put it back together
|
|
you can tell it to join the lines with \fBJ\fR. You can give \fBJ\fR
|
|
a count of the number of lines to be joined as in \fB3J\fR to join 3
|
|
lines. The editor supplies white space, if appropriate,
|
|
at the juncture of the joined
|
|
lines, and leaves the cursor at this white space.
|
|
You can kill the white space with \fBx\fR if you don't want it.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Features for editing programs
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor has a number of commands for editing programs.
|
|
The thing that most distinguishes editing of programs from editing of text
|
|
is the desirability of maintaining an indented structure to the body of
|
|
the program. The editor has a
|
|
.I autoindent
|
|
facility for helping you generate correctly indented programs.
|
|
.PP
|
|
To enable this facility you can give the command \fB:se ai\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
Now try opening a new line with \fBo\fR and type some characters on the
|
|
line after a few tabs. If you now start another line, notice that the
|
|
editor supplies white space at the beginning of the line to line it up
|
|
with the previous line. You cannot backspace over this indentation,
|
|
but you can use \fB^D\fR key to backtab over the supplied indentation.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Each time you type \fB^D\fR you back up one position, normally to an
|
|
8 column boundary. This amount is settable; the editor has an option
|
|
called
|
|
.I shiftwidth
|
|
which you can set to change this value.
|
|
Try giving the command \fB:se sw=4\fR\s-2CR\s0
|
|
and then experimenting with autoindent again.
|
|
.PP
|
|
For shifting lines in the program left and right, there are operators
|
|
.B <
|
|
and
|
|
.B >.
|
|
These shift the lines you specify right or left by one
|
|
.I shiftwidth.
|
|
Try
|
|
.B <<
|
|
and
|
|
.B >>
|
|
which shift one line left or right, and
|
|
.B <L
|
|
and
|
|
.B >L
|
|
shifting the rest of the display left and right.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you have a complicated expression and wish to see how the parentheses
|
|
match, put the cursor at a left or right parenthesis and hit \fB%\fR.
|
|
This will show you the matching parenthesis.
|
|
This works also for braces { and }, and brackets [ and ].
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are editing C programs, you can use the \fB[[\fR and \fB]]\fR keys
|
|
to advance or retreat to a line starting with a \fB{\fR, i.e. a function
|
|
declaration at a time. When \fB]]\fR is used with an operator it stops
|
|
after a line which starts with \fB}\fR; this is sometimes useful with
|
|
\fBy]]\fR.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Filtering portions of the buffer
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can run system commands over portions of the buffer using the operator
|
|
\fB!\fR.
|
|
You can use this to sort lines in the buffer, or to reformat portions
|
|
of the buffer with a pretty-printer.
|
|
Try typing in a list of random words, one per line and ending them
|
|
with a blank line. Back up to the beginning of the list, and then give
|
|
the command \fB!}sort\fR\s-2CR\s0. This says to sort the next paragraph
|
|
of material, and the blank line ends a paragraph.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Commands for editing \s-2LISP\s0
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are editing a \s-2LISP\s0 program you should set the option
|
|
.I lisp
|
|
by doing
|
|
\fB:se\ lisp\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
This changes the \fB(\fR and \fB)\fR commands to move backward and forward
|
|
over s-expressions.
|
|
The \fB{\fR and \fB}\fR commands are like \fB(\fR and \fB)\fR but don't
|
|
stop at atoms. These can be used to skip to the next list, or through
|
|
a comment quickly.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.I autoindent
|
|
option works differently for \s-2LISP\s0, supplying indent to align at
|
|
the first argument to the last open list. If there is no such argument
|
|
then the indent is two spaces more than the last level.
|
|
.PP
|
|
There is another option which is useful for typing in \s-2LISP\s0, the
|
|
.I showmatch
|
|
option.
|
|
Try setting it with
|
|
\fB:se sm\fR\s-2CR\s0
|
|
and then try typing a `(' some words and then a `)'. Notice that the
|
|
cursor shows the position of the `(' which matches the `)' briefly.
|
|
This happens only if the matching `(' is on the screen, and the cursor
|
|
stays there for at most one second.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor also has an operator to realign existing lines as though they
|
|
had been typed in with
|
|
.I lisp
|
|
and
|
|
.I autoindent
|
|
set. This is the \fB=\fR operator.
|
|
Try the command \fB=%\fR at the beginning of a function. This will realign
|
|
all the lines of the function declaration.
|
|
.PP
|
|
When you are editing \s-2LISP\s0,, the \fB[[\fR and \fR]]\fR advance
|
|
and retreat to lines beginning with a \fB(\fR, and are useful for dealing
|
|
with entire function definitions.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Macros
|
|
.PP
|
|
.I Vi
|
|
has a parameterless macro facility, which lets you set it up so that
|
|
when you hit a single keystroke, the editor will act as though
|
|
you had hit some longer sequence of keys. You can set this up if
|
|
you find yourself typing the same sequence of commands repeatedly.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Briefly, there are two flavors of macros:
|
|
.IP a)
|
|
Ones where you put the macro body in a buffer register, say \fIx\fR.
|
|
You can then type \fB@x\fR to invoke the macro. The \fB@\fR may be followed
|
|
by another \fB@\fR to repeat the last macro.
|
|
.IP b)
|
|
You can use the
|
|
.I map
|
|
command from
|
|
.I vi
|
|
(typically in your
|
|
.I EXINIT )
|
|
with a command of the form:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:map \fIlhs\fR \fIrhs\fR\s-2CR
|
|
.DE
|
|
mapping
|
|
.I lhs
|
|
into
|
|
.I rhs.
|
|
There are restrictions:
|
|
.I lhs
|
|
should be one keystroke (either 1 character or one function key)
|
|
since it must be entered within one second
|
|
(unless
|
|
.I notimeout
|
|
is set, in which case you can type it as slowly as you wish,
|
|
and
|
|
.I vi
|
|
will wait for you to finish it before it echoes anything).
|
|
The
|
|
.I lhs
|
|
can be no longer than 10 characters, the
|
|
.I rhs
|
|
no longer than 100.
|
|
To get a space, tab or newline into
|
|
.I lhs
|
|
or
|
|
.I rhs
|
|
you should escape them with a \fB^V\fR.
|
|
(It may be necessary to double the \fB^V\fR if the map
|
|
command is given inside
|
|
.I vi,
|
|
rather than in
|
|
.I ex.)
|
|
Spaces and tabs inside the
|
|
.I rhs
|
|
need not be escaped.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Thus to make the \fBq\fR key write and exit the editor, you can give
|
|
the command
|
|
.DS
|
|
:map q :wq\fB^V^V\fP\s-2CR CR\s0
|
|
.DE
|
|
which means that whenever you type \fBq\fR, it will be as though you
|
|
had typed the four characters \fB:wq\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
A \fB^V\fR's is needed because without it the \s-2CR\s0 would end the
|
|
\fB:\fR command, rather than becoming part of the
|
|
.I map
|
|
definition.
|
|
There are two
|
|
.B ^V 's
|
|
because from within
|
|
.I vi ,
|
|
two
|
|
.B ^V 's
|
|
must be typed to get one.
|
|
The first \s-2CR\s0 is part of the
|
|
.I rhs ,
|
|
the second terminates the : command.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Macros can be deleted with
|
|
.DS
|
|
unmap lhs
|
|
.DE
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the
|
|
.I lhs
|
|
of a macro is ``#0'' through ``#9'', this maps the particular function key
|
|
instead of the 2 character ``#'' sequence. So that terminals without
|
|
function keys can access such definitions, the form ``#x'' will mean function
|
|
key
|
|
.I x
|
|
on all terminals (and need not be typed within one second.)
|
|
The character ``#'' can be changed by using a macro in the usual way:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:map \fB^V^V^I\fP #
|
|
.DE
|
|
to use tab, for example. (This won't affect the
|
|
.I map
|
|
command, which still uses
|
|
.B #,
|
|
but just the invocation from visual mode.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The undo command reverses an entire macro call as a unit,
|
|
if it made any changes.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Placing a `!' after the word
|
|
.B map
|
|
causes the mapping to apply
|
|
to input mode, rather than command mode.
|
|
Thus, to arrange for \fB^T\fP to be the same as 4 spaces in input mode,
|
|
you can type:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:map \fB^T\fP \fB^V\fP\o'b/'\o'b/'\o'b/'\o'b/'
|
|
.DE
|
|
where
|
|
.B \o'b/'
|
|
is a blank.
|
|
The \fB^V\fP is necessary to prevent the blanks from being taken as
|
|
white space between the
|
|
.I lhs
|
|
and
|
|
.I rhs .
|
|
.NH
|
|
Word Abbreviations
|
|
.PP
|
|
A feature similar to macros in input mode is word abbreviation.
|
|
This allows you to type a short word and have it expanded into
|
|
a longer word or words.
|
|
The commands are
|
|
.B :abbreviate
|
|
and
|
|
.B :unabbreviate
|
|
(\fB:ab\fP
|
|
and
|
|
.B :una )
|
|
and have the same syntax as
|
|
.B :map .
|
|
For example:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:ab eecs Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
|
|
.DE
|
|
causes the word `eecs' to always be changed into the
|
|
phrase `Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences'.
|
|
Word abbreviation is different from macros in that
|
|
only whole words are affected.
|
|
If `eecs' were typed as part of a larger word, it would
|
|
be left alone.
|
|
Also, the partial word is echoed as it is typed.
|
|
There is no need for an abbreviation to be a single keystroke,
|
|
as it should be with a macro.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Abbreviations
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor has a number of short
|
|
commands which abbreviate longer commands which we
|
|
have introduced here. You can find these commands easily
|
|
on the quick reference card.
|
|
They often save a bit of typing and you can learn them as convenient.
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
Nitty-gritty details
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Line representation in the display
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor folds long logical lines onto many physical lines in the display.
|
|
Commands which advance lines advance logical lines and will skip
|
|
over all the segments of a line in one motion. The command \fB|\fR moves
|
|
the cursor to a specific column, and may be useful for getting near the
|
|
middle of a long line to split it in half. Try \fB80|\fR on a line which
|
|
is more than 80 columns long.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg You can make long lines very easily by using \fBJ\fR to join together
|
|
short lines.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor only puts full lines on the display; if there is not enough
|
|
room on the display to fit a logical line, the editor leaves the physical
|
|
line empty, placing only an @ on the line as a place holder. When you
|
|
delete lines on a dumb terminal, the editor will often just clear the
|
|
lines to @ to save time (rather than rewriting the rest of the screen.)
|
|
You can always maximize the information on the screen by giving the \fB^R\fR
|
|
command.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you wish, you can have the editor place line numbers before each line
|
|
on the display. Give the command \fB:se nu\fR\s-2CR\s0 to enable
|
|
this, and the command \fB:se nonu\fR\s-2CR\s0 to turn it off.
|
|
You can have tabs represented as \fB^I\fR and the ends of lines indicated
|
|
with `$' by giving the command \fB:se list\fR\s-2CR\s0;
|
|
\fB:se nolist\fR\s-2CR\s0 turns this off.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Finally, lines consisting of only the character `~' are displayed when
|
|
the last line in the file is in the middle of the screen. These represent
|
|
physical lines which are past the logical end of file.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Counts
|
|
.PP
|
|
Most
|
|
.I vi
|
|
commands will use a preceding count to affect their behavior in some way.
|
|
The following table gives the common ways in which the counts are used:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.TS
|
|
l lb.
|
|
new window size : / ? [[ ]] \` \'
|
|
scroll amount ^D ^U
|
|
line/column number z G |
|
|
repeat effect \fRmost of the rest\fP
|
|
.TE
|
|
.DE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The editor maintains a notion of the current default window size.
|
|
On terminals which run at speeds greater than 1200 baud
|
|
the editor uses the full terminal screen.
|
|
On terminals which are slower than 1200 baud
|
|
(most dialup lines are in this group)
|
|
the editor uses 8 lines as the default window size.
|
|
At 1200 baud the default is 16 lines.
|
|
.PP
|
|
This size is the size used when the editor clears and refills the screen
|
|
after a search or other motion moves far from the edge of the current window.
|
|
The commands which take a new window size as count all often cause the
|
|
screen to be redrawn. If you anticipate this, but do not need as large
|
|
a window as you are currently using, you may wish to change the screen
|
|
size by specifying the new size before these commands.
|
|
In any case, the number of lines used on the screen will expand if you
|
|
move off the top with a \fB\-\fR or similar command or off the bottom
|
|
with a command such as \s-2RETURN\s0 or \fB^D\fR.
|
|
The window will revert to the last specified size the next time it is
|
|
cleared and refilled.\*(dg
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dg But not by a \fB^L\fR which just redraws the screen as it is.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The scroll commands \fB^D\fR and \fB^U\fR likewise remember the amount
|
|
of scroll last specified, using half the basic window size initially.
|
|
The simple insert commands use a count to specify a repetition of the
|
|
inserted text. Thus \fB10a+\-\-\-\-\fR\s-2ESC\s0 will insert a grid-like
|
|
string of text.
|
|
A few commands also use a preceding count as a line or column number.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Except for a few commands which ignore any counts (such as \fB^R\fR),
|
|
the rest of the editor commands use a count to indicate a simple repetition
|
|
of their effect. Thus \fB5w\fR advances five words on the current line,
|
|
while \fB5\fR\s-2RETURN\s0 advances five lines. A very useful instance
|
|
of a count as a repetition is a count given to the \fB.\fR command, which
|
|
repeats the last changing command. If you do \fBdw\fR and then \fB3.\fR,
|
|
you will delete first one and then three words. You can then delete
|
|
two more words with \fB2.\fR.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
More file manipulation commands
|
|
.PP
|
|
The following table lists the file manipulation commands which you can
|
|
use when you are in
|
|
.I vi.
|
|
.KF
|
|
.DS
|
|
.TS
|
|
lb l.
|
|
:w write back changes
|
|
:wq write and quit
|
|
:x write (if necessary) and quit (same as ZZ).
|
|
:e \fIname\fP edit file \fIname\fR
|
|
:e! reedit, discarding changes
|
|
:e + \fIname\fP edit, starting at end
|
|
:e +\fIn\fP edit, starting at line \fIn\fP
|
|
:e # edit alternate file
|
|
:w \fIname\fP write file \fIname\fP
|
|
:w! \fIname\fP overwrite file \fIname\fP
|
|
:\fIx,y\fPw \fIname\fP write lines \fIx\fP through \fIy\fP to \fIname\fP
|
|
:r \fIname\fP read file \fIname\fP into buffer
|
|
:r !\fIcmd\fP read output of \fIcmd\fP into buffer
|
|
:n edit next file in argument list
|
|
:n! edit next file, discarding changes to current
|
|
:n \fIargs\fP specify new argument list
|
|
:ta \fItag\fP edit file containing tag \fItag\fP, at \fItag\fP
|
|
.TE
|
|
.DE
|
|
.KE
|
|
All of these commands are followed by a \s-2CR\s0 or \s-2ESC\s0.
|
|
The most basic commands are \fB:w\fR and \fB:e\fR.
|
|
A normal editing session on a single file will end with a \fBZZ\fR command.
|
|
If you are editing for a long period of time you can give \fB:w\fR commands
|
|
occasionally after major amounts of editing, and then finish
|
|
with a \fBZZ\fR. When you edit more than one file, you can finish
|
|
with one with a \fB:w\fR and start editing a new file by giving a \fB:e\fR
|
|
command,
|
|
or set
|
|
.I autowrite
|
|
and use \fB:n\fP <file>.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you make changes to the editor's copy of a file, but do not wish to
|
|
write them back, then you must give an \fB!\fR after the command you
|
|
would otherwise use; this forces the editor to discard any changes
|
|
you have made. Use this carefully.
|
|
.ne 1i
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fB:e\fR command can be given a \fB+\fR argument to start at the
|
|
end of the file, or a \fB+\fR\fIn\fR argument to start at line \fIn\fR\^.
|
|
In actuality, \fIn\fR may be any editor command not containing a space,
|
|
usefully a scan like \fB+/\fIpat\fR or \fB+?\fIpat\fR.
|
|
In forming new names to the \fBe\fR command, you can use the character
|
|
\fB%\fR which is replaced by the current file name, or the character
|
|
\fB#\fR which is replaced by the alternate file name.
|
|
The alternate file name is generally the last name you typed other than
|
|
the current file. Thus if you try to do a \fB:e\fR and get a diagnostic
|
|
that you haven't written the file, you can give a \fB:w\fR command and
|
|
then a \fB:e #\fR command to redo the previous \fB:e\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can write part of the buffer to a file by finding out the lines
|
|
that bound the range to be written using \fB^G\fR, and giving these
|
|
numbers after the \fB:\fR
|
|
and before the \fBw\fP, separated by \fB,\fR's.
|
|
You can also mark these lines with \fBm\fR and
|
|
then use an address of the form \fB\(aa\fR\fIx\fR\fB,\fB\(aa\fR\fIy\fR
|
|
on the \fBw\fR command here.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can read another file into the buffer after the current line by using
|
|
the \fB:r\fR command.
|
|
You can similarly read in the output from a command, just use \fB!\fR\fIcmd\fR
|
|
instead of a file name.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you wish to edit a set of files in succession, you can give all the
|
|
names on the command line, and then edit each one in turn using the command
|
|
\fB:n\fR. It is also possible to respecify the list of files to be edited
|
|
by giving the \fB:n\fR command a list of file names, or a pattern to
|
|
be expanded as you would have given it on the initial
|
|
.I vi
|
|
command.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are editing large programs, you will find the \fB:ta\fR command
|
|
very useful. It utilizes a data base of function names and their locations,
|
|
which can be created by programs such as
|
|
.I ctags,
|
|
to quickly find a function whose name you give.
|
|
If the \fB:ta\fR command will require the editor to switch files, then
|
|
you must \fB:w\fR or abandon any changes before switching. You can repeat
|
|
the \fB:ta\fR command without any arguments to look for the same tag
|
|
again.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
More about searching for strings
|
|
.PP
|
|
When you are searching for strings in the file with \fB/\fR and \fB?\fR,
|
|
the editor normally places you at the next or previous occurrence
|
|
of the string. If you are using an operator such as \fBd\fR,
|
|
\fBc\fR or \fBy\fR, then you may well wish to affect lines up to the
|
|
line before the line containing the pattern. You can give a search of
|
|
the form \fB/\fR\fIpat\fR\fB/\-\fR\fIn\fR to refer to the \fIn\fR'th line
|
|
before the next line containing \fIpat\fR, or you can use \fB+\fR instead
|
|
of \fB\-\fR to refer to the lines after the one containing \fIpat\fR.
|
|
If you don't give a line offset, then the editor will affect characters
|
|
up to the match place, rather than whole lines; thus use ``+0'' to affect
|
|
to the line which matches.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can have the editor ignore the case of words in the searches it does
|
|
by giving the command \fB:se ic\fR\s-2CR\s0.
|
|
The command \fB:se noic\fR\s-2CR\s0 turns this off.
|
|
.ne 1i
|
|
.PP
|
|
Strings given to searches may actually be regular expressions.
|
|
If you do not want or need this facility, you should
|
|
.DS
|
|
set nomagic
|
|
.DE
|
|
in your EXINIT.
|
|
In this case,
|
|
only the characters \fB\(ua\fR and \fB$\fR are special in patterns.
|
|
The character \fB\e\fR is also then special (as it is most everywhere in
|
|
the system), and may be used to get at the
|
|
an extended pattern matching facility.
|
|
It is also necessary to use a \e before a
|
|
\fB/\fR in a forward scan or a \fB?\fR in a backward scan, in any case.
|
|
The following table gives the extended forms when \fBmagic\fR is set.
|
|
.DS
|
|
.TS
|
|
lb l.
|
|
\(ua at beginning of pattern, matches beginning of line
|
|
$ at end of pattern, matches end of line
|
|
\fB\&.\fR matches any character
|
|
\e< matches the beginning of a word
|
|
\e> matches the end of a word
|
|
[\fIstr\fP] matches any single character in \fIstr\fP
|
|
[\(ua\fIstr\fP] matches any single character not in \fIstr\fP
|
|
[\fIx\fP\-\fIy\fP] matches any character between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP
|
|
* matches any number of the preceding pattern
|
|
.TE
|
|
.DE
|
|
If you use \fBnomagic\fR mode, then
|
|
the \fB. [\fR and \fB*\fR primitives are given with a preceding
|
|
\e.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
More about input mode
|
|
.PP
|
|
There are a number of characters which you can use to make corrections
|
|
during input mode. These are summarized in the following table.
|
|
.sp .5
|
|
.DS
|
|
.TS
|
|
lb l.
|
|
^H deletes the last input character
|
|
^W deletes the last input word, defined as by \fBb\fR
|
|
erase your erase character, same as \fB^H\fP
|
|
kill your kill character, deletes the input on this line
|
|
\e escapes a following \fB^H\fP and your erase and kill
|
|
\s-2ESC\s0 ends an insertion
|
|
\s-2DEL\s0 interrupts an insertion, terminating it abnormally
|
|
\s-2CR\s0 starts a new line
|
|
^D backtabs over \fIautoindent\fP
|
|
0^D kills all the \fIautoindent\fP
|
|
\(ua^D same as \fB0^D\fP, but restores indent next line
|
|
^V quotes the next non-printing character into the file
|
|
.TE
|
|
.DE
|
|
.sp .5
|
|
.PP
|
|
The most usual way of making corrections to input is by typing \fB^H\fR
|
|
to correct a single character, or by typing one or more \fB^W\fR's to
|
|
back over incorrect words. If you use \fB#\fR as your erase character
|
|
in the normal system, it will work like \fB^H\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Your system kill character, normally \fB@\fR, \fB^X\fP or \fB^U\fR,
|
|
will erase all
|
|
the input you have given on the current line.
|
|
In general, you can neither
|
|
erase input back around a line boundary nor can you erase characters
|
|
which you did not insert with this insertion command. To make corrections
|
|
on the previous line after a new line has been started you can hit \s-2ESC\s0
|
|
to end the insertion, move over and make the correction, and then return
|
|
to where you were to continue. The command \fBA\fR which appends at the
|
|
end of the current line is often useful for continuing.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you wish to type in your erase or kill character (say # or @) then
|
|
you must precede it with a \fB\e\fR, just as you would do at the normal
|
|
system command level. A more general way of typing non-printing characters
|
|
into the file is to precede them with a \fB^V\fR. The \fB^V\fR echoes
|
|
as a \fB\(ua\fR character on which the cursor rests. This indicates that
|
|
the editor expects you to type a control character. In fact you may
|
|
type any character and it will be inserted into the file at that point.*
|
|
.FS
|
|
* This is not quite true. The implementation of the editor does
|
|
not allow the \s-2NULL\s0 (\fB^@\fR) character to appear in files. Also
|
|
the \s-2LF\s0 (linefeed or \fB^J\fR) character is used by the editor
|
|
to separate lines in the file, so it cannot appear in the middle of a
|
|
line. You can insert any other character, however, if you wait for the
|
|
editor to echo the \fB\(ua\fR before you type the character. In fact,
|
|
the editor will treat a following letter as a request for the corresponding
|
|
control character. This is the only way to type \fB^S\fR or \fB^Q\fP,
|
|
since the system normally uses them to suspend and resume output
|
|
and never gives them to the editor to process.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are using \fIautoindent\fR you can backtab over the indent which
|
|
it supplies by typing a \fB^D\fR. This backs up to a \fIshiftwidth\fR
|
|
boundary.
|
|
This only works immediately after the supplied \fIautoindent\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
When you are using \fIautoindent\fR you may wish to place a label at
|
|
the left margin of a line. The way to do this easily is to type \fB\(ua\fR
|
|
and then \fB^D\fR. The editor will move the cursor to the left margin
|
|
for one line, and restore the previous indent on the next. You can also
|
|
type a \fB0\fR followed immediately by a \fB^D\fR if you wish to kill
|
|
all the indent and not have it come back on the next line.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Upper case only terminals
|
|
.PP
|
|
If your terminal has only upper case, you can still use
|
|
.I vi
|
|
by using the normal
|
|
system convention for typing on such a terminal.
|
|
Characters which you normally type are converted to lower case, and you
|
|
can type upper case letters by preceding them with a \e.
|
|
The characters { ~ } | \(ga are not available on such terminals, but you
|
|
can escape them as \e( \e\(ua \e) \e! \e\(aa.
|
|
These characters are represented on the display in the same way they
|
|
are typed.\*(dd
|
|
.FS
|
|
\*(dd The \e character you give will not echo until you type another
|
|
key.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Vi and ex
|
|
.PP
|
|
.I Vi
|
|
is actually one mode of editing within the editor
|
|
.I ex.
|
|
When you are running
|
|
.I vi
|
|
you can escape to the line oriented editor of
|
|
.I ex
|
|
by giving the command
|
|
\fBQ\fR.
|
|
All of the
|
|
.B :
|
|
commands which were introduced above are available in
|
|
.I ex.
|
|
Likewise, most
|
|
.I ex
|
|
commands can be invoked from
|
|
.I vi
|
|
using :.
|
|
Just give them without the \fB:\fR and follow them with a \s-2CR\s0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
In rare instances, an internal error may occur in
|
|
.I vi.
|
|
In this case you will get a diagnostic and be left in the command mode of
|
|
.I ex.
|
|
You can then save your work and quit if you wish by giving a command
|
|
\fBx\fR after the \fB:\fR which \fIex\fR prompts you with, or you can
|
|
reenter \fIvi\fR by giving
|
|
.I ex
|
|
a
|
|
.I vi
|
|
command.
|
|
.PP
|
|
There are a number of things which you can do more easily in
|
|
.I ex
|
|
than in
|
|
.I vi.
|
|
Systematic changes in line oriented material are particularly easy.
|
|
You can read the advanced editing documents for the editor
|
|
.I ed
|
|
to find out a lot more about this style of editing.
|
|
Experienced
|
|
users often mix their use of
|
|
.I ex
|
|
command mode and
|
|
.I vi
|
|
command mode to speed the work they are doing.
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Open mode: vi on hardcopy terminals and ``glass tty's''
|
|
\(dd
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are on a hardcopy terminal or a terminal which does not have a cursor
|
|
which can move off the bottom line, you can still use the command set of
|
|
.I vi,
|
|
but in a different mode.
|
|
When you give a
|
|
.I vi
|
|
command, the editor will tell you that it is using
|
|
.I open
|
|
mode.
|
|
This name comes from the
|
|
.I open
|
|
command in
|
|
.I ex,
|
|
which is used to get into the same mode.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The only difference between
|
|
.I visual
|
|
mode
|
|
and
|
|
.I open
|
|
mode is the way in which the text is displayed.
|
|
.PP
|
|
In
|
|
.I open
|
|
mode the editor uses a single line window into the file, and moving backward
|
|
and forward in the file causes new lines to be displayed, always below the
|
|
current line.
|
|
Two commands of
|
|
.I vi
|
|
work differently in
|
|
.I open:
|
|
.B z
|
|
and
|
|
\fB^R\fR.
|
|
The
|
|
.B z
|
|
command does not take parameters, but rather draws a window of context around
|
|
the current line and then returns you to the current line.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are on a hardcopy terminal,
|
|
the
|
|
.B ^R
|
|
command will retype the current line.
|
|
On such terminals, the editor normally uses two lines to represent the
|
|
current line.
|
|
The first line is a copy of the line as you started to edit it, and you work
|
|
on the line below this line.
|
|
When you delete characters, the editor types a number of \e's to show
|
|
you the characters which are deleted. The editor also reprints the current
|
|
line soon after such changes so that you can see what the line looks
|
|
like again.
|
|
.PP
|
|
It is sometimes useful to use this mode on very slow terminals which
|
|
can support
|
|
.I vi
|
|
in the full screen mode.
|
|
You can do this by entering
|
|
.I ex
|
|
and using an
|
|
.I open
|
|
command.
|
|
.LP
|
|
.SH
|
|
Acknowledgements
|
|
.PP
|
|
Bruce Englar encouraged the early development of this display editor.
|
|
Peter Kessler helped bring sanity to version 2's command layout.
|
|
Bill Joy wrote versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7,
|
|
and created the framework that users see in the present editor.
|
|
Mark Horton added macros and other features and made the
|
|
editor work on a large number of terminals and Unix systems.
|