229 lines
6 KiB
Groff
229 lines
6 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: units.1,v 1.21 2013/07/20 21:40:01 wiz Exp $
|
|
.Dd January 6, 2013
|
|
.Dt UNITS 1
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm units
|
|
.Nd conversion program
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm
|
|
.Op Fl Llqv
|
|
.Op Fl f Ar filename
|
|
.Oo
|
|
.Op Ar count
|
|
.Ar from-unit to-unit
|
|
.Oc
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
.Nm
|
|
converts quantities expression in various scales to
|
|
their equivalents in other scales.
|
|
.Nm
|
|
can only handle multiplicative scale changes.
|
|
It cannot convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit, for example.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following options and arguments are supported:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "-fXfilenameX" -offset indent
|
|
.It Fl f Ar filename
|
|
Specifies the name of the units data file to load.
|
|
.It Fl l No or Fl L
|
|
List all unit definitions to the standard output,
|
|
instead of performing any conversions.
|
|
The result may include error messages and comments, beginning with
|
|
.Ql \&/ .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
With the
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
option, unit definitions will be listed in a format
|
|
almost identical to the the units data file that was loaded,
|
|
except that comments will be removed, spacing may be changed,
|
|
and lines may be re-ordered.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
With the
|
|
.Fl L
|
|
option, all unit definitions will be reduced to a form that
|
|
depends on only a few primitive units (such as
|
|
.Sy m , kg , sec ) .
|
|
.It Fl q
|
|
Suppresses prompting of the user for units and the display of statistics
|
|
about the number of units loaded.
|
|
.It Fl v
|
|
Prints the version number.
|
|
.It Oo Ar count Oc Ar from-unit Ar to-unit
|
|
Allows a single unit conversion to be done directly from the command
|
|
line.
|
|
No prompting will occur.
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will print out only the result of this single conversion.
|
|
Specifying
|
|
.Ar count
|
|
and
|
|
.Ar from-unit
|
|
as two separate arguments is equivalent to embedding both parts
|
|
inside a single
|
|
.Ar from-unit
|
|
argument, with the parts separated by a space.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Nm
|
|
works interactively by prompting the user for input:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
You have: meters
|
|
You want: feet
|
|
* 3.2808399
|
|
/ 0.3048
|
|
|
|
You have: cm^3
|
|
You want: gallons
|
|
* 0.00026417205
|
|
/ 3785.4118
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Powers of units can be specified using the
|
|
.Dq \&^
|
|
character as shown in the example, or by simple concatenation:
|
|
.Dq cm3
|
|
is equivalent to
|
|
.Dq cm^3 .
|
|
Multiplication of units can be specified by using spaces, a dash or
|
|
an asterisk.
|
|
Division of units is indicated by the slash
|
|
.Pq Sq \&/ .
|
|
Note that multiplication has a higher precedence than division,
|
|
so
|
|
.Dq m/s/s
|
|
is the same as
|
|
.Dq m/s^2
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq "m/s s" .
|
|
If the user enters incompatible unit types, the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
program will print a message indicating that the units are not
|
|
conformable and it will display the reduced form for each unit:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
You have: ergs/hour
|
|
You want: fathoms kg^2 / day
|
|
conformability error
|
|
2.7777778e-11 kg m^2 / sec^3
|
|
2.1166667e-05 kg^2 m / sec
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The conversion information is read from a units data file.
|
|
The default
|
|
file includes definitions for most familiar units, abbreviations and
|
|
metric prefixes.
|
|
Some constants of nature included are:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width mercury -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It pi
|
|
ratio of circumference to diameter
|
|
.It c
|
|
speed of light
|
|
.It e
|
|
charge on an electron
|
|
.It g
|
|
acceleration of gravity
|
|
.It force
|
|
same as g
|
|
.It mole
|
|
Avogadro's number
|
|
.It water
|
|
pressure per unit height of water
|
|
.It mercury
|
|
pressure per unit height of mercury
|
|
.It au
|
|
astronomical unit
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dq pound
|
|
is a unit of mass.
|
|
Compound names are run together
|
|
so
|
|
.Dq poundforce
|
|
is a unit of force.
|
|
British units that differ from their
|
|
US counterparts are prefixed with
|
|
.Dq br ,
|
|
and currency is prefixed with
|
|
its country name:
|
|
.Dq belgiumfranc ,
|
|
.Dq britainpound .
|
|
When searching for
|
|
a unit, if the specified string does not appear exactly as a unit
|
|
name, then the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
program will try to remove a trailing
|
|
.Dq s
|
|
or a trailing
|
|
.Dq es
|
|
and check again for a match.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All of these definitions can be read in the standard units file, or you
|
|
can supply your own file.
|
|
A unit is specified on a single line by
|
|
giving its name and an equivalence.
|
|
One should be careful to define
|
|
new units in terms of old ones so that a reduction leads to the
|
|
primitive units which are marked with
|
|
.Sq \&!
|
|
characters.
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will not detect infinite loops that could be caused
|
|
by careless unit definitions.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Prefixes are defined in the same way as standard units, but with
|
|
a trailing dash at the end of the prefix name.
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/units.lib -compact
|
|
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/units.lib
|
|
the standard units library
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
.An Adrian Mariano Aq Mt adrian@cam.cornell.edu
|
|
or
|
|
.Aq mariano@geom.umn.edu
|
|
.Sh CAVEATS
|
|
While
|
|
.Nm
|
|
can be used as a calculator for many unit-related computations,
|
|
caution is required: many computations require additional constant
|
|
factors deriving from the physics (or chemistry or whatever) of the
|
|
situation.
|
|
As these factors are dimensionless,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
cannot itself either provide them or warn the user when they have been
|
|
forgotten.
|
|
For example, one joule is one kilogram meter squared per second
|
|
squared, by definition; however, the kinetic energy of a one-kilogram
|
|
object moving at one meter per second is half a joule, not one joule,
|
|
because of a dimensionless factor that arises from integration.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Also, some pairs of units that have the same dimensionality are
|
|
nonetheless used to measure different things and attempting to convert
|
|
between them may require additional fudge factors or be entirely
|
|
meaningless.
|
|
For example, torque and energy have the same dimensionality, but
|
|
attempting to convert torque in newton-meters to energy in joules is
|
|
nonsensical.
|
|
There is no practical way for
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to warn about these issues either.
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The effect of including a
|
|
.Sq \&/
|
|
in a prefix is surprising.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Exponents entered by the user can be only one digit.
|
|
You can work around this by multiplying several terms.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The user must use
|
|
.Sq \&|
|
|
to indicate division of numbers and
|
|
.Sq \&/
|
|
to indicate division of symbols.
|
|
This distinction should not be necessary.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The program contains various arbitrary limits on the length
|
|
of the units converted and on the length of the data file.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The program should use a hash table to store units so that
|
|
it doesn't take so long to load the units list and check
|
|
for duplication.
|