There is important information about booting non-ack images in docs/UPDATING. ack/aout-format images can't be built any more, and booting clang/ELF-format ones is a little different. Updating to the new boot monitor is recommended. Changes in this commit: . drop boot monitor -> allowing dropping ack support . facility to copy ELF boot files to /boot so that old boot monitor can still boot fairly easily, see UPDATING . no more ack-format libraries -> single-case libraries . some cleanup of OBJECT_FMT, COMPILER_TYPE, etc cases . drop several ack toolchain commands, but not all support commands (e.g. aal is gone but acksize is not yet). . a few libc files moved to netbsd libc dir . new /bin/date as minix date used code in libc/ . test compile fix . harmonize includes . /usr/lib is no longer special: without ack, /usr/lib plays no kind of special bootstrapping role any more and bootstrapping is done exclusively through packages, so releases depend even less on the state of the machine making them now. . rename nbsd_lib* to lib* . reduce mtree
315 lines
13 KiB
Groff
315 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: re_format.7,v 1.9 2009/04/21 14:46:02 joerg Exp $
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993, 1994
|
|
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
|
|
.\" Henry Spencer.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
|
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
|
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993, 1994 Henry Spencer.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
|
|
.\" Henry Spencer.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
|
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
|
|
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
|
|
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
|
|
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
|
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
|
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" @(#)re_format.7 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/20/94
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd March 20, 1994
|
|
.Dt RE_FORMAT 7
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm re_format
|
|
.Nd POSIX 1003.2 regular expressions
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
Regular expressions (``RE''s),
|
|
as defined in POSIX 1003.2, come in two forms:
|
|
modern REs (roughly those of
|
|
.Xr egrep 1 ;
|
|
1003.2 calls these ``extended'' REs)
|
|
and obsolete REs (roughly those of
|
|
.Xr ed 1 ;
|
|
1003.2 ``basic'' REs).
|
|
Obsolete REs mostly exist for backward compatibility in some old programs;
|
|
they will be discussed at the end.
|
|
1003.2 leaves some aspects of RE syntax and semantics open;
|
|
`\(dg' marks decisions on these aspects that
|
|
may not be fully portable to other 1003.2 implementations.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A (modern) RE is one\(dg or more non-empty\(dg
|
|
.Em branches ,
|
|
separated by `|'.
|
|
It matches anything that matches one of the branches.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A branch is one\(dg or more
|
|
.Em pieces ,
|
|
concatenated.
|
|
It matches a match for the first, followed by a match for the second, etc.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A piece is an
|
|
.Em atom
|
|
possibly followed
|
|
by a single\(dg `*', `+', `?', or
|
|
.Em bound .
|
|
An atom followed by `*' matches a sequence of 0 or more matches of the atom.
|
|
An atom followed by `+' matches a sequence of 1 or more matches of the atom.
|
|
An atom followed by `?' matches a sequence of 0 or 1 matches of the atom.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A
|
|
.Em bound
|
|
is `{' followed by an unsigned decimal integer, possibly followed by `,'
|
|
possibly followed by another unsigned decimal integer,
|
|
always followed by `}'.
|
|
The integers must lie between 0 and RE_DUP_MAX (255\(dg) inclusive,
|
|
and if there are two of them, the first may not exceed the second.
|
|
An atom followed by a bound containing one integer
|
|
.Em i
|
|
and no comma matches a sequence of exactly
|
|
.Em i
|
|
matches of the atom.
|
|
An atom followed by a bound containing one integer
|
|
.Em i
|
|
and a comma matches a sequence of
|
|
.Em i
|
|
or more matches of the atom.
|
|
An atom followed by a bound containing two integers
|
|
.Em i
|
|
and
|
|
.Em j
|
|
matches a sequence of
|
|
.Em i
|
|
through
|
|
.Em j
|
|
(inclusive) matches of the atom.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
An atom is a regular expression enclosed in `()' (matching a match for the
|
|
regular expression), an empty set of `()' (matching the null string)\(dg, a
|
|
.Em bracket expression
|
|
(see below), `.' (matching any single character),
|
|
`^' (matching the null string at the beginning of a line),
|
|
`$' (matching the null string at the end of a line),
|
|
a `\e' followed by one of the characters `^.[$()|*+?{\e'
|
|
(matching that character taken as an ordinary character),
|
|
a `\e' followed by any other character\(dg
|
|
(matching that character taken as an ordinary character,
|
|
as if the `\e' had not been present\(dg),
|
|
or a single character with no other significance (matching that character).
|
|
A `{' followed by a character other than a digit is an ordinary
|
|
character, not the beginning of a bound\(dg.
|
|
It is illegal to end an RE with `\e'.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A
|
|
.Em bracket expression
|
|
is a list of characters enclosed in `[]'.
|
|
It normally matches any single character from the list (but see below).
|
|
If the list begins with `^',
|
|
it matches any single character (but see below)
|
|
.Em not
|
|
from the rest of the list.
|
|
If two characters in the list are separated by `\-', this is shorthand
|
|
for the full
|
|
.Em range
|
|
of characters between those two (inclusive) in the collating sequence,
|
|
e.g. `[0-9]' in ASCII matches any decimal digit.
|
|
It is illegal\(dg for two ranges to share an endpoint, e.g. `a-c-e'.
|
|
Ranges are very collating-sequence-dependent,
|
|
and portable programs should avoid relying on them.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To include a literal `]' in the list, make it the first character
|
|
(following a possible `^').
|
|
To include a literal `\-', make it the first or last character,
|
|
or the second endpoint of a range.
|
|
To use a literal `\-' as the first endpoint of a range,
|
|
enclose it in `[.' and `.]' to make it a collating element (see below).
|
|
With the exception of these and some combinations using `[' (see next
|
|
paragraphs), all other special characters, including `\e', lose their
|
|
special significance within a bracket expression.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Within a bracket expression, a collating element (a character,
|
|
a multi-character sequence that collates as if it were a single character,
|
|
or a collating-sequence name for either)
|
|
enclosed in `[.' and `.]' stands for the
|
|
sequence of characters of that collating element.
|
|
The sequence is a single element of the bracket expression's list.
|
|
A bracket expression containing a multi-character collating element
|
|
can thus match more than one character,
|
|
e.g. if the collating sequence includes a `ch' collating element,
|
|
then the RE `[[.ch.]]*c' matches the first five characters
|
|
of `chchcc'.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Within a bracket expression, a collating element enclosed in `[=' and
|
|
`=]' is an equivalence class, standing for the sequences of characters
|
|
of all collating elements equivalent to that one, including itself.
|
|
(If there are no other equivalent collating elements,
|
|
the treatment is as if the enclosing delimiters were `[.' and `.]'.)
|
|
For example, if o and '\(^o' are the members of an equivalence class,
|
|
then `[[=o=]]', `[[=\(^o'=]]', and `[o\(^o']' are all synonymous.
|
|
An equivalence class may not\(dg be an endpoint
|
|
of a range.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Within a bracket expression, the name of a
|
|
.Em character class
|
|
enclosed in `[:' and `:]' stands for the list of all characters
|
|
belonging to that class.
|
|
Standard character class names are:
|
|
.Bl -column "alnum" "digit" "xdigit"
|
|
.It alnum digit punct
|
|
.It alpha graph space
|
|
.It blank lower upper
|
|
.It cntrl print xdigit
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
These stand for the character classes defined in
|
|
.Xr ctype 3 .
|
|
A locale may provide others.
|
|
A character class may not be used as an endpoint of a range.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
There are two special cases\(dg of bracket expressions:
|
|
the bracket expressions `[[:\*[Lt]:]]' and `[[:\*[Gt]:]]' match
|
|
the null string at the beginning and end of a word respectively.
|
|
A word is defined as a sequence of word characters
|
|
which is neither preceded nor followed by word characters.
|
|
A word character is an
|
|
.Em alnum
|
|
character (as defined by
|
|
.Xr ctype 3 )
|
|
or an underscore.
|
|
This is an extension, compatible with but not specified by POSIX 1003.2,
|
|
and should be used with caution in software intended to be portable
|
|
to other systems.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In the event that an RE could match more than one substring of a given
|
|
string, the RE matches the one starting earliest in the string.
|
|
If the RE could match more than one substring starting at that point,
|
|
it matches the longest.
|
|
Subexpressions also match the longest possible substrings, subject to
|
|
the constraint that the whole match be as long as possible,
|
|
with subexpressions starting earlier in the RE taking priority over
|
|
ones starting later.
|
|
Note that higher-level subexpressions thus take priority over
|
|
their lower-level component subexpressions.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Match lengths are measured in characters, not collating elements.
|
|
A null string is considered longer than no match at all.
|
|
For example,
|
|
`bb*' matches the three middle characters of `abbbc',
|
|
`(wee|week)(knights|nights)' matches all ten characters of `weeknights',
|
|
when `(.*).*' is matched against `abc' the parenthesized subexpression
|
|
matches all three characters, and
|
|
when `(a*)*' is matched against `bc' both the whole RE and the parenthesized
|
|
subexpression match the null string.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If case-independent matching is specified,
|
|
the effect is much as if all case distinctions had vanished from the
|
|
alphabet.
|
|
When an alphabetic that exists in multiple cases appears as an
|
|
ordinary character outside a bracket expression, it is effectively
|
|
transformed into a bracket expression containing both cases,
|
|
e.g. `x' becomes `[xX]'.
|
|
When it appears inside a bracket expression, all case counterparts
|
|
of it are added to the bracket expression, so that (e.g.) `[x]'
|
|
becomes `[xX]' and `[^x]' becomes `[^xX]'.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
No particular limit is imposed on the length of REs\(dg.
|
|
Programs intended to be portable should not employ REs longer
|
|
than 256 bytes,
|
|
as an implementation can refuse to accept such REs and remain
|
|
POSIX-compliant.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Obsolete (``basic'') regular expressions differ in several respects.
|
|
`|', `+', and `?' are ordinary characters and there is no equivalent
|
|
for their functionality.
|
|
The delimiters for bounds are `\e{' and `\e}',
|
|
with `{' and `}' by themselves ordinary characters.
|
|
The parentheses for nested subexpressions are `\e(' and `\e)',
|
|
with `(' and `)' by themselves ordinary characters.
|
|
`^' is an ordinary character except at the beginning of the
|
|
RE or\(dg the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression,
|
|
`$' is an ordinary character except at the end of the
|
|
RE or\(dg the end of a parenthesized subexpression,
|
|
and `*' is an ordinary character if it appears at the beginning of the
|
|
RE or the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression
|
|
(after a possible leading `^').
|
|
Finally, there is one new type of atom, a
|
|
.Em back reference :
|
|
`\e' followed by a non-zero decimal digit
|
|
.Em d
|
|
matches the same sequence of characters
|
|
matched by the
|
|
.Em d Ns th parenthesized subexpression
|
|
(numbering subexpressions by the positions of their opening parentheses,
|
|
left to right),
|
|
so that (e.g.) `\e([bc]\e)\e1' matches `bb' or `cc' but not `bc'.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr regex 3
|
|
.Pp
|
|
POSIX 1003.2, section 2.8 (Regular Expression Notation).
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
Having two kinds of REs is a botch.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The current 1003.2 spec says that `)' is an ordinary character in
|
|
the absence of an unmatched `(';
|
|
this was an unintentional result of a wording error, and change is likely.
|
|
Avoid relying on it.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Back references are a dreadful botch,
|
|
posing major problems for efficient implementations.
|
|
They are also somewhat vaguely defined
|
|
(does `a\e(\e(b\e)*\e2\e)*d' match `abbbd'?).
|
|
Avoid using them.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
1003.2's specification of case-independent matching is vague.
|
|
The ``one case implies all cases'' definition given above
|
|
is current consensus among implementors as to the right interpretation.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The syntax for word boundaries is incredibly ugly.
|