600 lines
14 KiB
Groff
600 lines
14 KiB
Groff
.\" $Vendor-Id: mandoc.3,v 1.17 2012/01/13 15:27:14 joerg Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
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.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
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.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
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.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
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.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
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.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
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.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
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.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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.\"
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.Dd January 13, 2012
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.Dt MANDOC 3
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm mandoc ,
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.Nm mandoc_escape ,
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.Nm man_meta ,
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.Nm man_mparse ,
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.Nm man_node ,
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.Nm mchars_alloc ,
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.Nm mchars_free ,
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.Nm mchars_num2char ,
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.Nm mchars_num2uc ,
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.Nm mchars_spec2cp ,
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.Nm mchars_spec2str ,
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.Nm mdoc_meta ,
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.Nm mdoc_node ,
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.Nm mparse_alloc ,
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.Nm mparse_free ,
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.Nm mparse_getkeep ,
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.Nm mparse_keep ,
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.Nm mparse_readfd ,
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.Nm mparse_reset ,
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.Nm mparse_result ,
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.Nm mparse_strerror ,
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.Nm mparse_strlevel
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.Nd mandoc macro compiler library
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb mandoc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In man.h
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.In mdoc.h
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.In mandoc.h
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.Ft "enum mandoc_esc"
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.Fo mandoc_escape
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.Fa "const char **end"
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.Fa "const char **start"
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.Fa "int *sz"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const struct man_meta *"
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.Fo man_meta
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.Fa "const struct man *man"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const struct mparse *"
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.Fo man_mparse
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.Fa "const struct man *man"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const struct man_node *"
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.Fo man_node
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.Fa "const struct man *man"
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.Fc
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.Ft "struct mchars *"
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.Fn mchars_alloc
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.Ft void
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.Fn mchars_free "struct mchars *p"
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.Ft char
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.Fn mchars_num2char "const char *cp" "size_t sz"
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.Ft int
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.Fn mchars_num2uc "const char *cp" "size_t sz"
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.Ft "const char *"
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.Fo mchars_spec2str
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.Fa "const struct mchars *p"
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.Fa "const char *cp"
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.Fa "size_t sz"
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.Fa "size_t *rsz"
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.Fc
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.Ft int
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.Fo mchars_spec2cp
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.Fa "const struct mchars *p"
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.Fa "const char *cp"
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.Fa "size_t sz"
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.Ft "const char *"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const struct mdoc_meta *"
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.Fo mdoc_meta
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.Fa "const struct mdoc *mdoc"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const struct mdoc_node *"
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.Fo mdoc_node
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.Fa "const struct mdoc *mdoc"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_alloc
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.Fa "enum mparset type"
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.Fa "enum mandoclevel wlevel"
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.Fa "mandocmsg msg"
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.Fa "void *msgarg"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_free
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_getkeep
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.Fa "const struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_keep
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft "enum mandoclevel"
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.Fo mparse_readfd
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fa "int fd"
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.Fa "const char *fname"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_reset
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_result
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fa "struct mdoc **mdoc"
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.Fa "struct man **man"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const char *"
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.Fo mparse_strerror
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.Fa "enum mandocerr"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const char *"
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.Fo mparse_strlevel
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.Fa "enum mandoclevel"
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.Fc
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.Vt extern const char * const * man_macronames;
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.Vt extern const char * const * mdoc_argnames;
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.Vt extern const char * const * mdoc_macronames;
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.Fd "#define ASCII_NBRSP"
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.Fd "#define ASCII_HYPH"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm mandoc
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library parses a
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.Ux
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manual into an abstract syntax tree (AST).
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.Ux
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manuals are composed of
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.Xr mdoc 7
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or
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.Xr man 7 ,
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and may be mixed with
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.Xr roff 7 ,
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.Xr tbl 7 ,
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and
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.Xr eqn 7
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invocations.
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.Pp
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The following describes a general parse sequence:
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.Bl -enum
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.It
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initiate a parsing sequence with
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.Fn mparse_alloc ;
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.It
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parse files or file descriptors with
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.Fn mparse_readfd ;
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.It
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retrieve a parsed syntax tree, if the parse was successful, with
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.Fn mparse_result ;
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.It
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iterate over parse nodes with
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.Fn mdoc_node
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or
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.Fn man_node ;
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.It
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free all allocated memory with
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.Fn mparse_free ,
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or invoke
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.Fn mparse_reset
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and parse new files.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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library also contains routines for translating character strings into glyphs
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.Pq see Fn mchars_alloc
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and parsing escape sequences from strings
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.Pq see Fn mandoc_escape .
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.Sh REFERENCE
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This section documents the functions, types, and variables available
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via
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.In mandoc.h .
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.Ss Types
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.Bl -ohang
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.It Vt "enum mandoc_esc"
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An escape sequence classification.
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.It Vt "enum mandocerr"
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A fatal error, error, or warning message during parsing.
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.It Vt "enum mandoclevel"
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A classification of an
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.Vt "enum mandoclevel"
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as regards system operation.
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.It Vt "struct mchars"
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An opaque pointer to an object allowing for translation between
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character strings and glyphs.
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See
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.Fn mchars_alloc .
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.It Vt "enum mparset"
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The type of parser when reading input.
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This should usually be
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.Dv MPARSE_AUTO
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for auto-detection.
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.It Vt "struct mparse"
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An opaque pointer to a running parse sequence.
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Created with
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.Fn mparse_alloc
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and freed with
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.Fn mparse_free .
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This may be used across parsed input if
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.Fn mparse_reset
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is called between parses.
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.It Vt "mandocmsg"
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A prototype for a function to handle fatal error, error, and warning
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messages emitted by the parser.
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.El
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.Ss Functions
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.Bl -ohang
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.It Fn mandoc_escape
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Scan an escape sequence, i.e., a character string beginning with
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.Sq \e .
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Pass a pointer to the character after the
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.Sq \e
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as
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.Va end ;
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it will be set to the supremum of the parsed escape sequence unless
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returning
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.Dv ESCAPE_ERROR ,
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in which case the string is bogus and should be
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thrown away.
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If not
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.Dv ESCAPE_ERROR
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or
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.Dv ESCAPE_IGNORE ,
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.Va start
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is set to the first relevant character of the substring (font, glyph,
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whatever) of length
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.Va sz .
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Both
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.Va start
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and
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.Va sz
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may be
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.Dv NULL .
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.It Fn man_meta
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Obtain the meta-data of a successful parse.
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This may only be used on a pointer returned by
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.Fn mparse_result .
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.It Fn man_mparse
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Get the parser used for the current output.
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.It Fn man_node
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Obtain the root node of a successful parse.
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This may only be used on a pointer returned by
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.Fn mparse_result .
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.It Fn mchars_alloc
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Allocate an
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.Vt "struct mchars *"
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object for translating special characters into glyphs.
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See
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.Xr mandoc_char 7
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for an overview of special characters.
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The object must be freed with
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.Fn mchars_free .
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.It Fn mchars_free
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Free an object created with
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.Fn mchars_alloc .
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.It Fn mchars_num2char
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Convert a character index (e.g., the \eN\(aq\(aq escape) into a
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printable ASCII character.
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Returns \e0 (the nil character) if the input sequence is malformed.
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.It Fn mchars_num2uc
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Convert a hexadecimal character index (e.g., the \e[uNNNN] escape) into
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a Unicode codepoint.
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Returns \e0 (the nil character) if the input sequence is malformed.
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.It Fn mchars_spec2cp
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Convert a special character into a valid Unicode codepoint.
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Returns \-1 on failure or a non-zero Unicode codepoint on success.
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.It Fn mchars_spec2str
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Convert a special character into an ASCII string.
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Returns
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.Dv NULL
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on failure.
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.It Fn mdoc_meta
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Obtain the meta-data of a successful parse.
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This may only be used on a pointer returned by
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.Fn mparse_result .
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.It Fn mdoc_node
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Obtain the root node of a successful parse.
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This may only be used on a pointer returned by
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.Fn mparse_result .
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.It Fn mparse_alloc
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Allocate a parser.
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The same parser may be used for multiple files so long as
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.Fn mparse_reset
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is called between parses.
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.Fn mparse_free
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must be called to free the memory allocated by this function.
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.It Fn mparse_free
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Free all memory allocated by
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.Fn mparse_alloc .
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.It Fn mparse_getkeep
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Acquire the keep buffer.
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Must follow a call of
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.Fn mparse_keep .
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.It Fn mparse_keep
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Instruct the parser to retain a copy of its parsed input.
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This can be acquired with subsequent
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.Fn mparse_getkeep
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calls.
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.It Fn mparse_readfd
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Parse a file or file descriptor.
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If
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.Va fd
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is -1,
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.Va fname
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is opened for reading.
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Otherwise,
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.Va fname
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is assumed to be the name associated with
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.Va fd .
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This may be called multiple times with different parameters; however,
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.Fn mparse_reset
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should be invoked between parses.
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.It Fn mparse_reset
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Reset a parser so that
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.Fn mparse_readfd
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may be used again.
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.It Fn mparse_result
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Obtain the result of a parse.
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Only successful parses
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.Po
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i.e., those where
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.Fn mparse_readfd
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returned less than MANDOCLEVEL_FATAL
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.Pc
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should invoke this function, in which case one of the two pointers will
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be filled in.
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.It Fn mparse_strerror
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Return a statically-allocated string representation of an error code.
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.It Fn mparse_strlevel
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Return a statically-allocated string representation of a level code.
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.El
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.Ss Variables
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.Bl -ohang
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.It Va man_macronames
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The string representation of a man macro as indexed by
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.Vt "enum mant" .
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.It Va mdoc_argnames
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The string representation of a mdoc macro argument as indexed by
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.Vt "enum mdocargt" .
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.It Va mdoc_macronames
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The string representation of a mdoc macro as indexed by
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.Vt "enum mdoct" .
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.El
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.Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
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This section consists of structural documentation for
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.Xr mdoc 7
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and
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.Xr man 7
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syntax trees and strings.
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.Ss Man and Mdoc Strings
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Strings may be extracted from mdoc and man meta-data, or from text
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nodes (MDOC_TEXT and MAN_TEXT, respectively).
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These strings have special non-printing formatting cues embedded in the
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text itself, as well as
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.Xr roff 7
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escapes preserved from input.
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Implementing systems will need to handle both situations to produce
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human-readable text.
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In general, strings may be assumed to consist of 7-bit ASCII characters.
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.Pp
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The following non-printing characters may be embedded in text strings:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Dv ASCII_NBRSP
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A non-breaking space character.
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.It Dv ASCII_HYPH
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A soft hyphen.
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.El
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.Pp
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Escape characters are also passed verbatim into text strings.
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An escape character is a sequence of characters beginning with the
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backslash
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.Pq Sq \e .
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To construct human-readable text, these should be intercepted with
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.Fn mandoc_escape
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and converted with one of
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.Fn mchars_num2char ,
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.Fn mchars_spec2str ,
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and so on.
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.Ss Man Abstract Syntax Tree
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This AST is governed by the ontological rules dictated in
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.Xr man 7
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and derives its terminology accordingly.
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.Pp
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The AST is composed of
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.Vt struct man_node
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nodes with element, root and text types as declared by the
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.Va type
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field.
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Each node also provides its parse point (the
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.Va line ,
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.Va sec ,
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and
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.Va pos
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fields), its position in the tree (the
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.Va parent ,
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.Va child ,
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.Va next
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and
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.Va prev
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fields) and some type-specific data.
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.Pp
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The tree itself is arranged according to the following normal form,
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where capitalised non-terminals represent nodes.
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "ELEMENTXX" -compact
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.It ROOT
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\(<- mnode+
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.It mnode
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\(<- ELEMENT | TEXT | BLOCK
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.It BLOCK
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\(<- HEAD BODY
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.It HEAD
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\(<- mnode*
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.It BODY
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\(<- mnode*
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.It ELEMENT
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\(<- ELEMENT | TEXT*
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.It TEXT
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\(<- [[:ascii:]]*
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.El
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.Pp
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The only elements capable of nesting other elements are those with
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next-lint scope as documented in
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.Xr man 7 .
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.Ss Mdoc Abstract Syntax Tree
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This AST is governed by the ontological
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rules dictated in
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.Xr mdoc 7
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and derives its terminology accordingly.
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.Qq In-line
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elements described in
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.Xr mdoc 7
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are described simply as
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.Qq elements .
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.Pp
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The AST is composed of
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.Vt struct mdoc_node
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nodes with block, head, body, element, root and text types as declared
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by the
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.Va type
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field.
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Each node also provides its parse point (the
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.Va line ,
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.Va sec ,
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and
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.Va pos
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fields), its position in the tree (the
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.Va parent ,
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.Va child ,
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.Va nchild ,
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.Va next
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and
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.Va prev
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fields) and some type-specific data, in particular, for nodes generated
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from macros, the generating macro in the
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.Va tok
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field.
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.Pp
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The tree itself is arranged according to the following normal form,
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where capitalised non-terminals represent nodes.
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "ELEMENTXX" -compact
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.It ROOT
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\(<- mnode+
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.It mnode
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\(<- BLOCK | ELEMENT | TEXT
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.It BLOCK
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\(<- HEAD [TEXT] (BODY [TEXT])+ [TAIL [TEXT]]
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.It ELEMENT
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\(<- TEXT*
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.It HEAD
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\(<- mnode*
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.It BODY
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\(<- mnode* [ENDBODY mnode*]
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.It TAIL
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\(<- mnode*
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.It TEXT
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\(<- [[:ascii:]]*
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.El
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.Pp
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Of note are the TEXT nodes following the HEAD, BODY and TAIL nodes of
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the BLOCK production: these refer to punctuation marks.
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Furthermore, although a TEXT node will generally have a non-zero-length
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string, in the specific case of
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.Sq \&.Bd \-literal ,
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an empty line will produce a zero-length string.
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Multiple body parts are only found in invocations of
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.Sq \&Bl \-column ,
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where a new body introduces a new phrase.
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.Pp
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The
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.Xr mdoc 7
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syntax tree accommodates for broken block structures as well.
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The ENDBODY node is available to end the formatting associated
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with a given block before the physical end of that block.
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It has a non-null
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.Va end
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field, is of the BODY
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.Va type ,
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has the same
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.Va tok
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as the BLOCK it is ending, and has a
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.Va pending
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field pointing to that BLOCK's BODY node.
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It is an indirect child of that BODY node
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and has no children of its own.
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.Pp
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An ENDBODY node is generated when a block ends while one of its child
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blocks is still open, like in the following example:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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\&.Ao ao
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\&.Bo bo ac
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\&.Ac bc
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\&.Bc end
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.Ed
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.Pp
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This example results in the following block structure:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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BLOCK Ao
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HEAD Ao
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BODY Ao
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TEXT ao
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BLOCK Bo, pending -> Ao
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HEAD Bo
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BODY Bo
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TEXT bo
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TEXT ac
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ENDBODY Ao, pending -> Ao
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TEXT bc
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TEXT end
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Here, the formatting of the
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.Sq \&Ao
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block extends from TEXT ao to TEXT ac,
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while the formatting of the
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.Sq \&Bo
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block extends from TEXT bo to TEXT bc.
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It renders as follows in
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.Fl T Ns Cm ascii
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mode:
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.Pp
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.Dl <ao [bo ac> bc] end
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.Pp
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Support for badly-nested blocks is only provided for backward
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compatibility with some older
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.Xr mdoc 7
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implementations.
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Using badly-nested blocks is
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.Em strongly discouraged ;
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for example, the
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.Fl T Ns Cm html
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and
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.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
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front-ends to
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.Xr mandoc 1
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are unable to render them in any meaningful way.
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Furthermore, behaviour when encountering badly-nested blocks is not
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consistent across troff implementations, especially when using multiple
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levels of badly-nested blocks.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr mandoc 1 ,
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.Xr eqn 7 ,
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.Xr man 7 ,
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.Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
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.Xr mdoc 7 ,
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.Xr roff 7 ,
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.Xr tbl 7
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.Sh AUTHORS
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The
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.Nm
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library was written by
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.An Kristaps Dzonsons ,
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.Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
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