407 lines
17 KiB
HTML
407 lines
17 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
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<html>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Clang - Expressive Diagnostics</title>
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="content.css">
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<style type="text/css">
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.warn { color:magenta; }
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.err { color:red; }
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.snip { color:darkgreen; }
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.point { color:blue; }
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<!--#include virtual="menu.html.incl"-->
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<div id="content">
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<!--=======================================================================-->
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<h1>Expressive Diagnostics</h1>
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<!--=======================================================================-->
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<p>In addition to being fast and functional, we aim to make Clang extremely user
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friendly. As far as a command-line compiler goes, this basically boils down to
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making the diagnostics (error and warning messages) generated by the compiler
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be as useful as possible. There are several ways that we do this. This section
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talks about the experience provided by the command line compiler, contrasting
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Clang output to GCC 4.2's output in several examples.
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<!--
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Other clients
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that embed Clang and extract equivalent information through internal APIs.-->
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</p>
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<h2>Column Numbers and Caret Diagnostics</h2>
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<p>First, all diagnostics produced by clang include full column number
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information. The clang command-line compiler driver uses this information
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to print "point diagnostics".
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(IDEs can use the information to display in-line error markup.)
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Precise error location in the source is a feature provided by many commercial
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compilers, but is generally missing from open source
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compilers. This is nice because it makes it very easy to understand exactly
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what is wrong in a particular piece of code</p>
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<p>The point (the blue "^" character) exactly shows where the problem is, even
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inside of a string. This makes it really easy to jump to the problem and
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helps when multiple instances of the same character occur on a line. (We'll
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revisit this more in following examples.)</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 -fsyntax-only -Wformat format-strings.c</b>
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format-strings.c:91: warning: too few arguments for format
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only format-strings.c</b>
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format-strings.c:91:13: <span class="warn">warning:</span> '.*' specified field precision is missing a matching 'int' argument
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<span class="snip"> printf("%.*d");</span>
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<span class="point"> ^</span>
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</pre>
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<h2>Range Highlighting for Related Text</h2>
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<p>Clang captures and accurately tracks range information for expressions,
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statements, and other constructs in your program and uses this to make
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diagnostics highlight related information. In the following somewhat
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nonsensical example you can see that you don't even need to see the original source code to
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understand what is wrong based on the Clang error. Because clang prints a
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point, you know exactly <em>which</em> plus it is complaining about. The range
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information highlights the left and right side of the plus which makes it
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immediately obvious what the compiler is talking about.
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Range information is very useful for
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cases involving precedence issues and many other cases.</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:7: error: invalid operands to binary + (have 'int' and 'struct A')
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:7:39: <span class="err">error:</span> invalid operands to binary expression ('int' and 'struct A')
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<span class="snip"> return y + func(y ? ((SomeA.X + 40) + SomeA) / 42 + SomeA.X : SomeA.X);</span>
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<span class="point"> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~</span>
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</pre>
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<h2>Precision in Wording</h2>
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<p>A detail is that we have tried really hard to make the diagnostics that come
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out of clang contain exactly the pertinent information about what is wrong and
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why. In the example above, we tell you what the inferred types are for
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the left and right hand sides, and we don't repeat what is obvious from the
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point (e.g., that this is a "binary +").</p>
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<p>Many other examples abound. In the following example, not only do we tell you that there is a problem with the *
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and point to it, we say exactly why and tell you what the type is (in case it is
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a complicated subexpression, such as a call to an overloaded function). This
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sort of attention to detail makes it much easier to understand and fix problems
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quickly.</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:5: error: invalid type argument of 'unary *'
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:5:11: <span class="err">error:</span> indirection requires pointer operand ('int' invalid)
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<span class="snip"> int y = *SomeA.X;</span>
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<span class="point"> ^~~~~~~~</span>
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</pre>
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<h2>No Pretty Printing of Expressions in Diagnostics</h2>
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<p>Since Clang has range highlighting, it never needs to pretty print your code
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back out to you. GCC can produce inscrutible error messages in some cases when
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it tries to do this. In this example P and Q have type "int*":</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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#'exact_div_expr' not supported by pp_c_expression#'t.c:12: error: called object is not a function
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:12:8: <span class="err">error:</span> called object type 'int' is not a function or function pointer
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<span class="snip"> (P-Q)();</span>
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<span class="point"> ~~~~~^</span>
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</pre>
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<p>This can be particularly bad in G++, which often emits errors
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containing lowered vtable references. For example:</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>cat t.cc</b>
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struct a {
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virtual int bar();
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};
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struct foo : public virtual a {
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};
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void test(foo *P) {
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return P->bar() + *P;
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}
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 t.cc</b>
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t.cc: In function 'void test(foo*)':
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t.cc:9: error: no match for 'operator+' in '(((a*)P) + (*(long int*)(P->foo::<anonymous>.a::_vptr$a + -0x00000000000000020)))->a::bar() + * P'
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t.cc:9: error: return-statement with a value, in function returning 'void'
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$ <b>clang t.cc</b>
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t.cc:9:18: <span class="err">error:</span> invalid operands to binary expression ('int' and 'foo')
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<span class="snip"> return P->bar() + *P;</span>
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<span class="point"> ~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~</span>
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</pre>
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<h2>Typedef Preservation and Selective Unwrapping</h2>
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<p>Many programmers use high-level user defined types, typedefs, and other
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syntactic sugar to refer to types in their program. This is useful because they
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can abbreviate otherwise very long types and it is useful to preserve the
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typename in diagnostics. However, sometimes very simple typedefs can wrap
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trivial types and it is important to strip off the typedef to understand what
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is going on. Clang aims to handle both cases well.<p>
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<p>The following example shows where it is important to preserve
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a typedef in C. Here the type printed by GCC isn't even valid, but if the error
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were about a very long and complicated type (as often happens in C++) the error
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message would be ugly just because it was long and hard to read.</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:15: error: invalid operands to binary / (have 'float __vector__' and 'const int *')
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:15:11: <span class="err">error:</span> can't convert between vector values of different size ('__m128' and 'int const *')
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<span class="snip"> myvec[1]/P;</span>
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<span class="point"> ~~~~~~~~^~</span>
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</pre>
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<p>The following example shows where it is useful for the compiler to expose
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underlying details of a typedef. If the user was somehow confused about how the
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system "pid_t" typedef is defined, Clang helpfully displays it with "aka".</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:13: error: request for member 'x' in something not a structure or union
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:13:9: <span class="err">error:</span> member reference base type 'pid_t' (aka 'int') is not a structure or union
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<span class="snip"> myvar = myvar.x;</span>
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<span class="point"> ~~~~~ ^</span>
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</pre>
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<p>In C++, type preservation includes retaining any qualification written into type names. For example, if we take a small snippet of code such as:
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<blockquote>
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<pre>
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namespace services {
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struct WebService { };
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}
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namespace myapp {
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namespace servers {
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struct Server { };
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}
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}
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using namespace myapp;
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void addHTTPService(servers::Server const &server, ::services::WebService const *http) {
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server += http;
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}
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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<p>and then compile it, we see that Clang is both providing more accurate information and is retaining the types as written by the user (e.g., "servers::Server", "::services::WebService"):
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<pre>
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$ <b>g++-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.cpp</b>
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t.cpp:9: error: no match for 'operator+=' in 'server += http'
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.cpp</b>
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t.cpp:9:10: <span class="err">error:</span> invalid operands to binary expression ('servers::Server const' and '::services::WebService const *')
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<span class="snip">server += http;</span>
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<span class="point">~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~</span>
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</pre>
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<p>Naturally, type preservation extends to uses of templates, and Clang retains information about how a particular template specialization (like <code>std::vector<Real></code>) was spelled within the source code. For example:</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>g++-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.cpp</b>
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t.cpp:12: error: no match for 'operator=' in 'str = vec'
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.cpp</b>
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t.cpp:12:7: <span class="err">error:</span> incompatible type assigning 'vector<Real>', expected 'std::string' (aka 'class std::basic_string<char>')
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<span class="snip">str = vec</span>;
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<span class="point">^ ~~~</span>
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</pre>
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<h2>Fix-it Hints</h2>
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<p>"Fix-it" hints provide advice for fixing small, localized problems
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in source code. When Clang produces a diagnostic about a particular
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problem that it can work around (e.g., non-standard or redundant
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syntax, missing keywords, common mistakes, etc.), it may also provide
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specific guidance in the form of a code transformation to correct the
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problem. In the following example, Clang warns about the use of a GCC
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extension that has been considered obsolete since 1993. The underlined
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code should be removed, then replaced with the code below the
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point line (".x =" or ".y =", respectively).</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>clang t.c</b>
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t.c:5:28: <span class="warn">warning:</span> use of GNU old-style field designator extension
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<span class="snip">struct point origin = { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 };</span>
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<span class="err">~~</span> <span class="point">^</span>
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<span class="snip">.x = </span>
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t.c:5:36: <span class="warn">warning:</span> use of GNU old-style field designator extension
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<span class="snip">struct point origin = { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 };</span>
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<span class="err">~~</span> <span class="point">^</span>
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<span class="snip">.y = </span>
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</pre>
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<p>"Fix-it" hints are most useful for
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working around common user errors and misconceptions. For example, C++ users
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commonly forget the syntax for explicit specialization of class templates,
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as in the error in the following example. Again, after describing the problem,
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Clang provides the fix--add <code>template<></code>--as part of the
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diagnostic.<p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>clang t.cpp</b>
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t.cpp:9:3: <span class="err">error:</span> template specialization requires 'template<>'
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struct iterator_traits<file_iterator> {
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<span class="point">^</span>
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<span class="snip">template<> </span>
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</pre>
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<h2>Template Type Diffing</h2>
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<p>Templates types can be long and difficult to read. Moreso when part of an
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error message. Instead of just printing out the type name, Clang has enough
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information to remove the common elements and highlight the differences. To
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show the template structure more clearly, the templated type can also be
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printed as an indented text tree.</p>
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Default: template diff with type elision
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<pre>
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t.cc:4:5: <span class="note">note:</span> candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<[...], <span class="template-highlight">float</span>>>' to 'vector<map<[...], <span class="template-highlight">double</span>>>' for 1st argument;
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</pre>
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-fno-elide-type: template diff without elision
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<pre>
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t.cc:4:5: <span class="note">note:</span> candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<int, <span class="template-highlight">float</span>>>' to 'vector<map<int, <span class="template-highlight">double</span>>>' for 1st argument;
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</pre>
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-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree: template tree printing with elision
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<pre>
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t.cc:4:5: <span class="note">note:</span> candidate function not viable: no known conversion for 1st argument;
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vector<
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map<
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[...],
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[<span class="template-highlight">float</span> != <span class="template-highlight">double</span>]>>
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</pre>
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-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree -fno-elide-type: template tree printing with no elision
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<pre>
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t.cc:4:5: <span class="note">note:M</span> candidate function not viable: no known conversion for 1st argument;
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vector<
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map<
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int,
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[<span class="template-highlight">float</span> != <span class="template-highlight">double</span>]>>
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</pre>
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<h2>Automatic Macro Expansion</h2>
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<p>Many errors happen in macros that are sometimes deeply nested. With
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traditional compilers, you need to dig deep into the definition of the macro to
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understand how you got into trouble. The following simple example shows how
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Clang helps you out by automatically printing instantiation information and
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nested range information for diagnostics as they are instantiated through macros
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and also shows how some of the other pieces work in a bigger example.</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c: In function 'test':
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t.c:80: error: invalid operands to binary < (have 'struct mystruct' and 'float')
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:80:3: <span class="err">error:</span> invalid operands to binary expression ('typeof(P)' (aka 'struct mystruct') and 'typeof(F)' (aka 'float'))
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<span class="snip"> X = MYMAX(P, F);</span>
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<span class="point"> ^~~~~~~~~~~</span>
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t.c:76:94: note: expanded from:
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<span class="snip">#define MYMAX(A,B) __extension__ ({ __typeof__(A) __a = (A); __typeof__(B) __b = (B); __a < __b ? __b : __a; })</span>
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<span class="point"> ~~~ ^ ~~~</span>
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</pre>
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<p>Here's another real world warning that occurs in the "window" Unix package (which
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implements the "wwopen" class of APIs):</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>clang -fsyntax-only t.c</b>
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t.c:22:2: <span class="warn">warning:</span> type specifier missing, defaults to 'int'
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<span class="snip"> ILPAD();</span>
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<span class="point"> ^</span>
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t.c:17:17: note: expanded from:
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<span class="snip">#define ILPAD() PAD((NROW - tt.tt_row) * 10) /* 1 ms per char */</span>
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<span class="point"> ^</span>
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t.c:14:2: note: expanded from:
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<span class="snip"> register i; \</span>
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<span class="point"> ^</span>
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</pre>
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<p>In practice, we've found that Clang's treatment of macros is actually more useful in multiply nested
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macros that in simple ones.</p>
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<h2>Quality of Implementation and Attention to Detail</h2>
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<p>Finally, we have put a lot of work polishing the little things, because
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little things add up over time and contribute to a great user experience.</p>
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<p>The following example shows a trivial little tweak, where we tell you to put the semicolon at
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the end of the line that is missing it (line 4) instead of at the beginning of
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the following line (line 5). This is particularly important with fixit hints
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and point diagnostics, because otherwise you don't get the important context.
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</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 t.c</b>
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t.c: In function 'foo':
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t.c:5: error: expected ';' before '}' token
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$ <b>clang t.c</b>
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t.c:4:8: <span class="err">error:</span> expected ';' after expression
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<span class="snip"> bar()</span>
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<span class="point"> ^</span>
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<span class="point"> ;</span>
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</pre>
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<p>The following example shows much better error recovery than GCC. The message coming out
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of GCC is completely useless for diagnosing the problem. Clang tries much harder
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and produces a much more useful diagnosis of the problem.</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 t.c</b>
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t.c:3: error: expected '=', ',', ';', 'asm' or '__attribute__' before '*' token
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$ <b>clang t.c</b>
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t.c:3:1: <span class="err">error:</span> unknown type name 'foo_t'
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<span class="snip">foo_t *P = 0;</span>
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<span class="point">^</span>
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</pre>
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<p>The following example shows that we recover from the simple case of
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forgetting a ; after a struct definition much better than GCC.</p>
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<pre>
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$ <b>cat t.cc</b>
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template<class T>
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class a {}
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class temp {};
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a<temp> b;
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struct b {
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}
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$ <b>gcc-4.2 t.cc</b>
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t.cc:3: error: multiple types in one declaration
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t.cc:4: error: non-template type 'a' used as a template
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t.cc:4: error: invalid type in declaration before ';' token
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t.cc:6: error: expected unqualified-id at end of input
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$ <b>clang t.cc</b>
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t.cc:2:11: <span class="err">error:</span> expected ';' after class
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<span class="snip">class a {}</span>
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<span class="point"> ^</span>
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<span class="point"> ;</span>
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t.cc:6:2: <span class="err">error:</span> expected ';' after struct
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<span class="snip">}</span>
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<span class="point"> ^</span>
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<span class="point"> ;</span>
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</pre>
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<p>While each of these details is minor, we feel that they all add up to provide
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a much more polished experience.</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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