2fe8fb192f
There is important information about booting non-ack images in docs/UPDATING. ack/aout-format images can't be built any more, and booting clang/ELF-format ones is a little different. Updating to the new boot monitor is recommended. Changes in this commit: . drop boot monitor -> allowing dropping ack support . facility to copy ELF boot files to /boot so that old boot monitor can still boot fairly easily, see UPDATING . no more ack-format libraries -> single-case libraries . some cleanup of OBJECT_FMT, COMPILER_TYPE, etc cases . drop several ack toolchain commands, but not all support commands (e.g. aal is gone but acksize is not yet). . a few libc files moved to netbsd libc dir . new /bin/date as minix date used code in libc/ . test compile fix . harmonize includes . /usr/lib is no longer special: without ack, /usr/lib plays no kind of special bootstrapping role any more and bootstrapping is done exclusively through packages, so releases depend even less on the state of the machine making them now. . rename nbsd_lib* to lib* . reduce mtree
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18 KiB
Groff
773 lines
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Groff
.\" $NetBSD: fts.3,v 1.29 2010/04/29 17:39:03 jruoho Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)fts.3 8.5 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
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.\"
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.Dd April 29, 2010
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.Dt FTS 3
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm fts ,
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.Nm fts_open ,
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.Nm fts_read ,
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.Nm fts_children ,
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.Nm fts_set ,
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.Nm fts_close
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.Nd traverse a file hierarchy
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In sys/types.h
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.In sys/stat.h
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.In fts.h
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.Ft FTS *
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.Fo fts_open
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.Fa "char * const *path_argv"
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.Fa "int options"
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.Fa "int (*compar)(const FTSENT **, const FTSENT **)"
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.Fc
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.Ft FTSENT *
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.Fn fts_read "FTS *ftsp"
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.Ft FTSENT *
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.Fn fts_children "FTS *ftsp" "int options"
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.Ft int
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.Fn fts_set "FTS *ftsp" "FTSENT *f" "int options"
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.Ft int
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.Fn fts_close "FTS *ftsp"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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functions are provided for traversing
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.Ux
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file hierarchies.
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A simple overview is that the
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.Fn fts_open
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function returns a
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.Dq handle
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on a file hierarchy, which is then supplied to
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the other
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.Nm
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functions.
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The function
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.Fn fts_read
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returns a pointer to a structure describing one of the files in the file
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hierarchy.
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The function
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.Fn fts_children
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returns a pointer to a linked list of structures, each of which describes
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one of the files contained in a directory in the hierarchy.
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In general, directories are visited two distinguishable times; in pre-order
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(before any of their descendants are visited) and in post-order (after all
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of their descendants have been visited).
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Files are visited once.
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It is possible to walk the hierarchy
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.Dq logically
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(ignoring symbolic links)
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or physically (visiting symbolic links), order the walk of the hierarchy or
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prune and/or re-visit portions of the hierarchy.
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.Pp
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Two structures are defined (and typedef'd) in the include file
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.In fts.h .
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The first is
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.Fa FTS ,
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the structure that represents the file hierarchy itself.
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The second is
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.Fa FTSENT ,
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the structure that represents a file in the file
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hierarchy.
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Normally, an
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure is returned for every file in the file
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hierarchy.
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In this manual page,
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.Dq file
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and
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.Dq Fa FTSENT No structure
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are generally
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interchangeable.
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The
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure contains at least the following fields, which are
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described in greater detail below:
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.Bd -literal
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typedef struct _ftsent {
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u_short fts_info; /* flags for FTSENT structure */
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char *fts_accpath; /* access path */
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char *fts_path; /* root path */
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short fts_pathlen; /* strlen(fts_path) */
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char *fts_name; /* file name */
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short fts_namelen; /* strlen(fts_name) */
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short fts_level; /* depth (\-1 to N) */
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int fts_errno; /* file errno */
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long fts_number; /* local numeric value */
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void *fts_pointer; /* local address value */
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struct ftsent *fts_parent; /* parent directory */
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struct ftsent *fts_link; /* next file structure */
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struct ftsent *fts_cycle; /* cycle structure */
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struct stat *fts_statp; /* stat(2) information */
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} FTSENT;
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.Ed
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.Pp
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These fields are defined as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width "fts_namelen"
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.It Fa fts_info
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One of the following flags describing the returned
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure and
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the file it represents.
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With the exception of directories without errors
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.Pq Dv FTS_D ,
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all of these
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entries are terminal, that is, they will not be revisited, nor will any
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of their descendants be visited.
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.Bl -tag -width FTS_DEFAULT
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.It Dv FTS_D
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A directory being visited in pre-order.
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.It Dv FTS_DC
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A directory that causes a cycle in the tree.
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(The
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.Fa fts_cycle
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field of the
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure will be filled in as well).
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.It Dv FTS_DEFAULT
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Any
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure that represents a file type not explicitly described
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by one of the other
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.Fa fts_info
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values.
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.It Dv FTS_DNR
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A directory which cannot be read.
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This is an error return, and the
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.Fa fts_errno
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field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
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.It Dv FTS_DOT
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A file named
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.Ql \&.
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or
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.Ql ..
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which was not specified as a file name to
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.Fn fts_open
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(see
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.Dv FTS_SEEDOT ) .
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.It Dv FTS_DP
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A directory being visited in post-order.
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The contents of the
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure will be unchanged from when
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it was returned in pre-order, i.e., with the
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.Fa fts_info
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field set to
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.Dv FTS_D .
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.It Dv FTS_ERR
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This is an error return, and the
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.Fa fts_errno
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field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
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.It Dv FTS_F
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A regular file.
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.It Dv FTS_NS
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A file for which no
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.Xr stat 2
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information was available.
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The contents of the
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.Fa fts_statp
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field are undefined.
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This is an error return, and the
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.Fa fts_errno
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field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
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.It Dv FTS_NSOK
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A file for which no
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.Xr stat 2
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information was requested.
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The contents of the
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.Fa fts_statp
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field are undefined.
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.It Dv FTS_SL
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A symbolic link.
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.It Dv FTS_SLNONE
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A symbolic link with a non-existent target.
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The contents of the
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.Fa fts_statp
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field reference the file characteristic information for the symbolic link
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itself.
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.It Dv FTS_W
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A whiteout object.
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.El
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.It Fa fts_accpath
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A path for accessing the file from the current directory.
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.It Fa fts_path
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The path for the file relative to the root of the traversal.
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This path contains the path specified to
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.Fn fts_open
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as a prefix.
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.It Fa fts_pathlen
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The length of the string referenced by
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.Fa fts_path .
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.It Fa fts_name
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The name of the file.
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.It Fa fts_namelen
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The length of the string referenced by
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.Fa fts_name .
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.It Fa fts_level
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The depth of the traversal, numbered from \-1 to N, where this file
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was found.
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The
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure representing the parent of the starting point (or root)
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of the traversal is numbered \-1, and the
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure for the root
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itself is numbered 0.
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.It Fa fts_errno
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Upon return of a
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure from the
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.Fn fts_children
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or
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.Fn fts_read
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functions, with its
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.Fa fts_info
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field set to
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.Dv FTS_DNR ,
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.Dv FTS_ERR
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or
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.Dv FTS_NS ,
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the
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.Fa fts_errno
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field contains the value of the external variable
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.Va errno
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specifying the cause of the error.
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Otherwise, the contents of the
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.Fa fts_errno
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field are undefined.
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.It Fa fts_number
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This field is provided for the use of the application program and is
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not modified by the
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.Nm
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functions.
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It is initialized to 0.
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.It Fa fts_pointer
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This field is provided for the use of the application program and is
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not modified by the
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.Nm
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functions.
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It is initialized to
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.Dv NULL .
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.It Fa fts_parent
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A pointer to the
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure referencing the file in the hierarchy
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immediately above the current file, i.e., the directory of which this
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file is a member.
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A parent structure for the initial entry point is provided as well,
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however, only the
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.Fa fts_level ,
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.Fa fts_number
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and
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.Fa fts_pointer
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fields are guaranteed to be initialized.
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.It Fa fts_link
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Upon return from the
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.Fn fts_children
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function, the
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.Fa fts_link
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field points to the next structure in the
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.Dv NULL Ns -terminated
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linked list of directory members.
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Otherwise, the contents of the
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.Fa fts_link
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field are undefined.
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.It Fa fts_cycle
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If a directory causes a cycle in the hierarchy (see
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.Dv FTS_DC ) ,
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either because
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of a hard link between two directories, or a symbolic link pointing to a
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directory, the
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.Fa fts_cycle
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field of the structure will point to the
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure in the hierarchy that references the same file as the current
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure.
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Otherwise, the contents of the
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.Fa fts_cycle
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field are undefined.
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.It Fa fts_statp
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A pointer to
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.Xr stat 2
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information for the file.
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.El
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.Pp
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A single buffer is used for all of the paths of all of the files in the
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file hierarchy.
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Therefore, the
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.Fa fts_path
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and
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.Fa fts_accpath
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fields are guaranteed to be
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.Dv NULL Ns -terminated
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.Em only
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for the file most recently returned by
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.Fn fts_read .
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To use these fields to reference any files represented by other
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.Fa FTSENT
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structures will require that the path buffer be modified using the
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information contained in that
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.Fa FTSENT
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structure's
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.Fa fts_pathlen
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field.
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Any such modifications should be undone before further calls to
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.Fn fts_read
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are attempted.
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The
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.Fa fts_name
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field is always
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.Dv NULL Ns -terminated .
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.Sh FTS_OPEN
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The
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.Fn fts_open
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function takes a pointer to an array of character pointers naming one
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or more paths which make up a logical file hierarchy to be traversed.
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The array must be terminated by a
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.Dv NULL
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pointer.
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.Pp
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There are
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a number of options, at least one of which (either
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.Dv FTS_LOGICAL
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or
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.Dv FTS_PHYSICAL )
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must be specified.
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The options are selected by
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.Em or Ns 'ing
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the following values:
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.Bl -tag -width "FTS_PHYSICAL"
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.It Dv FTS_COMFOLLOW
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This option causes any symbolic link specified as a root path to be
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followed immediately whether or not
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.Dv FTS_LOGICAL
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is also specified.
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.It Dv FTS_LOGICAL
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This option causes the
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.Nm
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routines to return
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.Fa FTSENT
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structures for the targets of symbolic links
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instead of the symbolic links themselves.
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If this option is set, the only symbolic links for which
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.Fa FTSENT
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structures
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are returned to the application are those referencing non-existent files.
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Either
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.Dv FTS_LOGICAL
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or
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.Dv FTS_PHYSICAL
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.Em must
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be provided to the
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.Fn fts_open
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function.
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.It Dv FTS_NOCHDIR
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As a performance optimization, the
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.Nm
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functions change directories as they walk the file hierarchy.
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This has the side-effect that an application cannot rely on being
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in any particular directory during the traversal.
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The
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.Dv FTS_NOCHDIR
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option turns off this optimization, and the
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.Nm
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functions will not change the current directory.
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Note that applications should not themselves change their current directory
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and try to access files unless
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.Dv FTS_NOCHDIR
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is specified and absolute
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pathnames were provided as arguments to
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.Fn fts_open .
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.It Dv FTS_NOSTAT
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|
By default, returned
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.Fa FTSENT
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structures reference file characteristic information (the
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.Fa statp
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field) for each file visited.
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This option relaxes that requirement as a performance optimization,
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allowing the
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.Nm
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functions to set the
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.Fa fts_info
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field to
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.Dv FTS_NSOK
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and leave the contents of the
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.Fa statp
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field undefined.
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.It Dv FTS_PHYSICAL
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This option causes the
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.Nm
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routines to return
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.Fa FTSENT
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structures for symbolic links themselves instead
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of the target files they point to.
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If this option is set,
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.Fa FTSENT
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structures for all symbolic links in the
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hierarchy are returned to the application.
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Either
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.Dv FTS_LOGICAL
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|
or
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.Dv FTS_PHYSICAL
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.Em must
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|
be provided to the
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.Fn fts_open
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|
function.
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.It Dv FTS_SEEDOT
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|
By default, unless they are specified as path arguments to
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.Fn fts_open ,
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|
any files named
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|
.Ql \&.
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|
or
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.Ql ..
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|
encountered in the file hierarchy are ignored.
|
|
This option causes the
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.Nm
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|
routines to return
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.Fa FTSENT
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structures for them.
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.It Dv FTS_WHITEOUT
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|
Return whiteout entries, which are normally hidden.
|
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.It Dv FTS_XDEV
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|
This option prevents
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.Nm
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|
from descending into directories that have a different device number
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|
than the file from which the descent began.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The argument
|
|
.Fn compar
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|
specifies a user-defined function which may be used to order the traversal
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|
of the hierarchy.
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|
It
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|
takes two pointers to pointers to
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.Fa FTSENT
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|
structures as arguments and
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|
should return a negative value, zero, or a positive value to indicate
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|
if the file referenced by its first argument comes before, in any order
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with respect to, or after, the file referenced by its second argument.
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|
The
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|
.Fa fts_accpath ,
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|
.Fa fts_path
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|
and
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|
.Fa fts_pathlen
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|
fields of the
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|
.Fa FTSENT
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|
structures may
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|
.Em never
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|
be used in this comparison.
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|
If the
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.Fa fts_info
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|
field is set to
|
|
.Dv FTS_NS
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|
or
|
|
.Dv FTS_NSOK ,
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|
the
|
|
.Fa fts_statp
|
|
field may not either.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Fn compar
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|
argument is
|
|
.Dv NULL ,
|
|
the directory traversal order is in the order listed in
|
|
.Fa path_argv
|
|
for the root paths, and in the order listed in the directory for
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|
everything else.
|
|
.Sh FTS_READ
|
|
The
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
function returns a pointer to an
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structure describing a file in
|
|
the hierarchy.
|
|
Directories (that are readable and do not cause cycles) are visited at
|
|
least twice, once in pre-order and once in post-order.
|
|
All other files are visited at least once.
|
|
(Hard links between directories that do not cause cycles or symbolic
|
|
links to symbolic links may cause files to be visited more than once,
|
|
or directories more than twice.)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If all the members of the hierarchy have been returned,
|
|
.Fn fts_read
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|
returns
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|
.Dv NULL
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|
and sets the external variable
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|
.Va errno
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|
to 0.
|
|
If an error unrelated to a file in the hierarchy occurs,
|
|
.Fn fts_read
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|
returns
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.Dv NULL
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and sets
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.Va errno
|
|
appropriately.
|
|
If an error related to a returned file occurs, a pointer to an
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structure is returned, and
|
|
.Va errno
|
|
may or may not have been set (see
|
|
.Fa fts_info ) .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structures returned by
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
may be overwritten after a call to
|
|
.Fn fts_close
|
|
on the same file hierarchy stream, or, after a call to
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
on the same file hierarchy stream unless they represent a file of type
|
|
directory, in which case they will not be overwritten until after a call to
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
after the
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structure has been returned by the function
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
in post-order.
|
|
.Sh FTS_CHILDREN
|
|
The
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
function returns a pointer to an
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structure describing the first entry in a
|
|
.Dv NULL Ns -terminated
|
|
linked list of the files in the directory represented by the
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structure most recently returned by
|
|
.Fn fts_read .
|
|
The list is linked through the
|
|
.Fa fts_link
|
|
field of the
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structure, and is ordered by the user-specified comparison function, if any.
|
|
Repeated calls to
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
will recreate this linked list.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
As a special case, if
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
has not yet been called for a hierarchy,
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
will return a pointer to the files in the logical directory specified to
|
|
.Fn fts_open ,
|
|
i.e., the arguments specified to
|
|
.Fn fts_open .
|
|
Otherwise, if the
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structure most recently returned by
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
is not a directory being visited in pre-order,
|
|
or the directory does not contain any files,
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
returns
|
|
.Dv NULL
|
|
and sets
|
|
.Va errno
|
|
to zero.
|
|
If an error occurs,
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
returns
|
|
.Dv NULL
|
|
and sets
|
|
.Va errno
|
|
appropriately.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fa FTSENT
|
|
structures returned by
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
may be overwritten after a call to
|
|
.Fn fts_children ,
|
|
.Fn fts_close
|
|
or
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
on the same file hierarchy stream.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Em Option
|
|
may be set to the following value:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width FTS_NAMEONLY
|
|
.It Dv FTS_NAMEONLY
|
|
Only the names of the files are needed.
|
|
The contents of all the fields in the returned linked list of structures
|
|
are undefined with the exception of the
|
|
.Fa fts_name
|
|
and
|
|
.Fa fts_namelen
|
|
fields.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh FTS_SET
|
|
The function
|
|
.Fn fts_set
|
|
allows the user application to determine further processing for the
|
|
file
|
|
.Fa f
|
|
of the stream
|
|
.Fa ftsp .
|
|
The
|
|
.Fn fts_set
|
|
function
|
|
returns 0 on success, and \-1 if an error occurs.
|
|
.Em Option
|
|
must be set to one of the following values:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width FTS_PHYSICAL
|
|
.It Dv FTS_AGAIN
|
|
Re-visit the file; any file type may be re-visited.
|
|
The next call to
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
will return the referenced file.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fa fts_stat
|
|
and
|
|
.Fa fts_info
|
|
fields of the structure will be reinitialized at that time,
|
|
but no other fields will have been changed.
|
|
This option is meaningful only for the most recently returned
|
|
file from
|
|
.Fn fts_read .
|
|
Normal use is for post-order directory visits, where it causes the
|
|
directory to be re-visited (in both pre and post-order) as well as all
|
|
of its descendants.
|
|
.It Dv FTS_FOLLOW
|
|
The referenced file must be a symbolic link.
|
|
If the referenced file is the one most recently returned by
|
|
.Fn fts_read ,
|
|
the next call to
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
returns the file with the
|
|
.Fa fts_info
|
|
and
|
|
.Fa fts_statp
|
|
fields reinitialized to reflect the target of the symbolic link instead
|
|
of the symbolic link itself.
|
|
If the file is one of those most recently returned by
|
|
.Fn fts_children ,
|
|
the
|
|
.Fa fts_info
|
|
and
|
|
.Fa fts_statp
|
|
fields of the structure, when returned by
|
|
.Fn fts_read ,
|
|
will reflect the target of the symbolic link instead of the symbolic link
|
|
itself.
|
|
In either case, if the target of the symbolic link does not exist the
|
|
fields of the returned structure will be unchanged and the
|
|
.Fa fts_info
|
|
field will be set to
|
|
.Dv FTS_SLNONE .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the target of the link is a directory, the pre-order return, followed
|
|
by the return of all of its descendants, followed by a post-order return,
|
|
is done.
|
|
.It Dv FTS_SKIP
|
|
No descendants of this file are visited.
|
|
The file may be one of those most recently returned by either
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
or
|
|
.Fn fts_read .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh FTS_CLOSE
|
|
The
|
|
.Fn fts_close
|
|
function closes a file hierarchy stream
|
|
.Fa ftsp
|
|
and restores the current directory to the directory from which
|
|
.Fn fts_open
|
|
was called to open
|
|
.Fa ftsp .
|
|
The
|
|
.Fn fts_close
|
|
function
|
|
returns 0 on success, and \-1 if an error occurs.
|
|
.Sh ERRORS
|
|
The function
|
|
.Fn fts_open
|
|
may fail and set
|
|
.Va errno
|
|
for any of the errors specified for the library functions
|
|
.Xr open 2
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr malloc 3 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The function
|
|
.Fn fts_close
|
|
may fail and set
|
|
.Va errno
|
|
for any of the errors specified for the library functions
|
|
.Xr chdir 2
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr close 2 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The functions
|
|
.Fn fts_read
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn fts_children
|
|
may fail and set
|
|
.Va errno
|
|
for any of the errors specified for the library functions
|
|
.Xr chdir 2 ,
|
|
.Xr malloc 3 ,
|
|
.Xr opendir 3 ,
|
|
.Xr readdir 3
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr stat 2 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In addition,
|
|
.Fn fts_children ,
|
|
.Fn fts_open
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn fts_set
|
|
may fail and set
|
|
.Va errno
|
|
as follows:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Er
|
|
.It Bq Er EINVAL
|
|
The options were invalid.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr find 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chdir 2 ,
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ,
|
|
.Xr qsort 3 ,
|
|
.Xr symlink 7
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility was expected to be included in the
|
|
.St -p1003.1-88
|
|
revision.
|
|
But twenty years later, it still was not included in the
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2008
|
|
revision.
|