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man/man1/sed.1
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@ -1,80 +1,39 @@
.TH sed 1 "November 19, 1995" .TH sed 1 "March 30, 2006"
.SH NAME .SH NAME
sed \- the stream editor sed \- the stream editor
.SH SYNOPSIS .SH SYNOPSIS
.B sed sed [-n] [-g] [-e script ] [-f sfile ] [ file ] ...
.RB [ \-n ]
.RB [ \-g ]
.RB [ \-e
.IR script ]
.RB [ \-f
.IR sfile ]
.RI [ file " ...]"
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
Sed copies the named files (standard input default) to the standard Sed copies the named files (standard input default) to the standard
output, edited according to a script of commands. output, edited according to a script of commands.
.P .P
An An -e option supplies a single edit command from the next argument;
.B \-e if there are several of these they are executed in the order in which
option supplies a single edit command from the next argument; they appear. If there is just one -e option and no -f 's, the -e flag
if there are several of these they are executed in the order in which may be omitted.
they appear. If there is just one
.B \-e
option and no
.BR \-f "'s,"
the
.B \-e
flag may be omitted.
.P .P
An An -f option causes commands to be taken from the file "sfile"; if
.B \-f there are several of these they are executed in the order in which
option causes commands to be taken from the file "sfile"; if they appear; -e and -f commands may be mixed.
there are several of these they are executed in the order in which
they appear;
.B \-e
and
.B \-f
commands may be mixed.
.P .P
The The -g option causes sed to act as though every substitute command
.B \-g in the script has a g suffix.
option causes
.B sed
to act as though every substitute command
in the script has a
.B g
suffix.
.P .P
The The -n option suppresses the default output.
.B \-n
option suppresses the default output.
.P .P
A script consists of commands, one per line, of the following form: A script consists of commands, one per line, of the following form:
.PP
[address [, address] ] function [arguments] [address [, address] ] function [arguments]
.PP
Normally Normally sed cyclically copies a line of input into a current text
.B sed
cyclically copies a line of input into a current text
buffer, then applies all commands whose addresses select the buffer in buffer, then applies all commands whose addresses select the buffer in
sequence, then copies the buffer to standard output and clears it. sequence, then copies the buffer to standard output and clears it.
.P .P
The The -n option suppresses normal output (so that only p and w output
.B \-n is done). Also, some commands (n, N) do their own line reads, and some
option suppresses normal output (so that only others (d, D) cause all commands following in the script to be skipped
.B p (the D command also suppresses the clearing of the current text buffer
and that would normally occur before the next cycle).
.B w
output is done). Also, some commands
.RB ( n ,
.BR N )
do their own line reads, and some others
.RB ( d ,
.BR D )
cause all commands following in the script to be skipped (the
.B D
command also suppresses the clearing of the current text
buffer that would normally occur before the next cycle).
.P .P
It is also helpful to know that there's a second buffer (called the `hold It is also helpful to know that there's a second buffer (called the `hold
space' that can be copied or appended to or from or swapped with space' that can be copied or appended to or from or swapped with
@ -83,30 +42,27 @@ the current text buffer.
An address is: a decimal numeral (which matches the line it numbers where line An address is: a decimal numeral (which matches the line it numbers where line
numbers start at 1 and run cumulatively across files), or a `$' that addresses numbers start at 1 and run cumulatively across files), or a `$' that addresses
the last line of input, or a context address, which is a `/regular the last line of input, or a context address, which is a `/regular
expression/', in the style of expression/', in the style of ed (1) modified thus:
.BR ed (1)
modified thus:
.P .P
.TP 5 .TP 5
(1) (1)
The escape sequence `\en' matches a newline embedded in the buffer, The escape sequence `\\n' matches a newline embedded in the buffer,
and `\et' matches a tab. and `\\t' matches a tab.
.TP 5 .TP 5
(2) (2)
A command line with no addresses selects every buffer. A command line with no addresses selects every buffer.
.TP 5 .TP 5
(3) (3)
A command line with one address selects every buffer that matches A command line with one address selects every buffer that matches
that address. that address.
.TP 5 .TP 5
(4) (4)
A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range from A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range from
the first input buffer that matches the first address through the the first input buffer that matches the first address through the
next input buffer that matches the second. (If the second address next input buffer that matches the second. (If the second address
is a number less than or equal to the line number first selected, is a number less than or equal to the line number first selected,
only one line is selected.) Once the second address is matched only one line is selected.) Once the second address is matched sed
.B sed starts looking for the first one again; thus, any number of these
starts looking for the first one again; thus, any number of these
ranges will be matched. ranges will be matched.
.P .P
The negation operator '!' can prefix a command to apply it to every The negation operator '!' can prefix a command to apply it to every
@ -115,276 +71,213 @@ line not selected by the address(es).
In the following list of functions, the maximum number of addresses In the following list of functions, the maximum number of addresses
permitted for each function is indicated in parentheses. permitted for each function is indicated in parentheses.
.P .P
An argument denoted "text" consists of one or more lines, with all An argument denoted "text" consists of one or more lines, with all
but the last ending with `\e' to hide the newline. but the last ending with `\' to hide the newline.
.P .P
Backslashes in text are treated like backslashes in the replacement Backslashes in text are treated like backslashes in the replacement
string of an string of an `s' command and may be used to protect initial whitespace
.B s (blanks and tabs) against the stripping that is done on every line of
command and may be used to protect initial whitespace (blanks and tabs) the script.
against the stripping that is done on every line of the script.
.P .P
An argument denoted "rfile" or "wfile" must be last on the command An argument denoted "rfile" or "wfile" must be last on the command
line. Each wfile is created before processing begins. There can be at line. Each wfile is created before processing begins. There can be at
most 10 distinct wfile arguments. most 10 distinct wfile arguments.
.ta +\w'nm'u +\w'"command"m'u
.TP 5 .TP 5
a "text" (1) a "text" (1)
Append. Place text on output before reading the next input line. Append. Place text on output before reading the next input line.
.TP 5 .TP 5
b "label" (2) b "label" (2)
Branch to the `:' command bearing the label. If no label is given, Branch to the `:' command bearing the label. If no label is given,
branch to the end of the script. branch to the end of the script.
.TP 5 .TP 5
c "text" (2) c "text" (2)
Change. Delete the current text buffer. With 0 or 1 address, or at Change. Delete the current text buffer. With 0 or 1 address, or at
the end of a 2-address range, place text on the output. Start the next the end of a 2-address range, place text on the output. Start the next
cycle. cycle.
.TP 5 .TP 5
d (2) d (2)
Delete the current text buffer. Start the next cycle. Delete the current text buffer. Start the next cycle.
.TP 5 .TP 5
D (2) D (2)
Delete the first line of the current text buffer (all chars up to the Delete the first line of the current text buffer (all chars up to the
first newline). Start the next cycle. first newline). Start the next cycle.
.TP 5 .TP 5
g (2) g (2)
Replace the contents of the current text buffer with the contents of Replace the contents of the current text buffer with the contents of
the hold space. the hold space.
.TP 5 .TP 5
G (2) G (2)
Append the contents of the hold space to the current text buffer. Append the contents of the hold space to the current text buffer.
.TP 5 .TP 5
h (2) h (2)
Copy the current text buffer into the hold space. Copy the current text buffer into the hold space.
.TP 5 .TP 5
H (2) H (2)
Append a copy of the current text buffer to the hold space. Append a copy of the current text buffer to the hold space.
.TP 5 .TP 5
i "text" (1) i "text" (1)
Insert. Place text on the standard output. Insert. Place text on the standard output.
.TP 5 .TP 5
l (2) l (2)
List. Sends the pattern space to standard output. A "w" option may List. Sends the pattern space to standard output. A "w" option may
follow as in the follow as in the s command below. Non-printable characters expand to:
.B s
command below. Non-printable characters expand to: \\b -- backspace (ASCII 08)
.sp .4v \\t -- tab (ASCII 09)
.in +3 \\n -- newline (ASCII 10)
.nf \\r -- return (ASCII 13)
.ta +\w'xxxn'u +\w'nnnn'u +\w'backspace 'u \\e -- escape (ASCII 27)
\eb \-\- backspace (ASCII 08) \\xx -- the ASCII character corresponding to 2 hex digits xx.
\et \-\- tab (ASCII 09)
\en \-\- newline (ASCII 10)
\er \-\- return (ASCII 13)
\ee \-\- escape (ASCII 27)
\exx \-\- the ASCII character corresponding to 2 hex digits xx.
.fi
.in -3
.ta +\w'nm'u +\w'"command"m'u
.TP 5 .TP 5
n (2) Dump. Hex-dump the pattern space to standard output.
Copy the current text buffer to standard output. Read the next line .TP 5
n (2)
Copy the current text buffer to standard output. Read the next line
of input into it. of input into it.
.TP 5 .TP 5
N (2) N (2)
Append the next line of input to the current text buffer, inserting Append the next line of input to the current text buffer, inserting
an embedded newline between the two. The current line number changes. an embedded newline between the two. The current line number changes.
.TP 5 .TP 5
p (2) p (2)
Print. Copy the current text buffer to the standard output. Print. Copy the current text buffer to the standard output.
.TP 5 .TP 5
P (2) P (2)
Copy the first line of the current text buffer (all chars up to the Copy the first line of the current text buffer (all chars up to the
first newline) to standard output. first newline) to standard output.
.TP 5 .TP 5
q (1) q (1)
Quit. Branch to the end of the script. Do not start a new cycle. Quit. Branch to the end of the script. Do not start a new cycle.
.TP 5 .TP 5
r "rfile" (1) r "rfile" (1)
Read the contents of rfile. Place them on the output before reading Read the contents of rfile. Place them on the output before reading
the next input line. the next input line.
.TP 5 .TP 5
s /regular-expression/replacement/flags\0\0\0\0\0\0(2) s /regular expression/replacement/flags (2)
Substitute the replacement for instances of the regular expression Substitute the replacement for instances of the regular expression
in the current text buffer. Any character may be used instead of `/'. in the current text buffer. Any character may be used instead of `/'.
For a fuller description see ed (1). For a fuller description see ed (1).
Flags is zero or more of the following: Flags is zero or more of the following:
.sp .4v
.ta +\w'gm'u +\w'nnm'u g -- Global. Substitute for all nonoverlapping instances of the string
.in +\w'gmnnm'u rather than just the first one.
.ti -\w'gmnnm'u
g \-\- Global. Substitute for all nonoverlapping instances of p -- Print the pattern space if a replacement was made.
the string rather than just the first one.
.sp .4v w -- Write. Append the current text buffer to a file argument as in a
.ti -\w'gmnnm'u w command if a replacement is made. Standard output is used if no
p \-\- Print the pattern space if a replacement was made. file argument is given
.sp .4v
.ti -\w'gmnnm'u
w \-\- Write. Append the current text buffer to a file argument
as in a w command if a replacement is made. Standard output is used if no
file argument is given
.in -\w'gmnnm'u
.ta +\w'nm'u +\w'"command"m'u
.TP 5 .TP 5
t "label" (2) t "label" (2)
Branch-if-test. Branch to the Branch-if-test. Branch to the : command with the given label if any
.B :
command with the given label if any
substitutes have been made since the most recent read of an input line substitutes have been made since the most recent read of an input line
or execution of a or execution of a `t'or `T'. If no label is given, branch to the end
.B t of the script.
or
.BR T .
If no label is given, branch to the end of the script.
.TP 5 .TP 5
T "label" (2) T "label" (2)
Branch-on-error. Branch to the Branch-on-error. Branch to the : command with the given label if no
.B : substitutes have succeeded since the last input line or t or T command.
command with the given label if no substitutes have succeeded since the Branch to the end of the script if no label is given.
last input line or
.B t
or
.B T
command. Branch to the end of the script if no label is given.
.TP 5 .TP 5
w "wfile" (2) w "wfile" (2)
Write. Append the current text buffer to wfile. Write. Append the current text buffer to wfile .
.TP 5 .TP 5
W "wfile" (2) W "wfile" (2)
Write first line. Append first line of the current text buffer Write first line. Append first line of the current text buffer
to wfile. to wfile.
.TP 5 .TP 5
x (2) x (2)
Exchange the contents of the current text buffer and hold space. Exchange the contents of the current text buffer and hold space.
.TP 5 .TP 5
y /string1/string2/\0\0\0\0\0\0(2) y /string1/string2/ (2)
Translate. Replace each occurrence of a character in string1 with Translate. Replace each occurrence of a character in string1 with
the corresponding character in string2. The lengths of these strings the corresponding character in string2. The lengths of these strings
must be equal. must be equal.
.TP 5 .TP 5
! "command" (2) ! "command" (2)
All-but. Apply the function (or group, if function is All-but. Apply the function (or group, if function is `{') only to
.BR { ) lines not selected by the address(es).
only to lines not selected by the address(es).
.TP 5 .TP 5
: "label" (0) : "label" (0)
This command does nothing but hold a label for This command does nothing but hold a label for `b' and `t' commands
.B b to branch to.
and
.B t
commands to branch to.
.TP 5 .TP 5
= (1) = (1)
Place the current line number on the standard output as a line. Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.
.TP 5 .TP 5
{ (2) { (2)
Execute the following commands through a matching `}' only when the Execute the following commands through a matching `}' only when the
current line matches the address or address range given. current line matches the address or address range given.
.P .P
An empty command is ignored. An empty command is ignored.
.P .P
.SH PORTABILITY .SH PORTABILITY
This tool was reverse-engineered from BSD 4.1 UNIX This tool was reverse-engineered from BSD 4.1 UNIX sed, and (as far
.BR sed , as the author's knowledge and tests can determine) is compatible with
and (as far it. All documented features of BSD 4.1 sed are supported.
as the author's knowledge and tests can determine) is compatible with
it. All documented features of BSD 4.1 sed are supported.
.P .P
One undocumented feature (a leading 'n' in the first comment having One undocumented feature (a leading 'n' in the first comment having
the same effect as an the same effect as an -n command-line option) has been omitted.
.B \-n
command-line option) has been omitted.
.P .P
The following bugs and limitations have been fixed: The following bugs and limitations have been fixed:
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
There is no hidden length limit (40 in BSD sed) on There is no hidden length limit (40 in BSD sed) on w file names.
.B w
file names.
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
There is no limit (8 in BSD sed) on the length of labels. There is no limit (8 in BSD sed) on the length of labels.
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
The exchange command now works for long pattern and hold spaces. The exchange command now works for long pattern and hold spaces.
.P .P
The following enhancements to existing commands have been made: The following enhancements to existing commands have been made:
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
.BR a , a, i commands don't insist on a leading backslash-\\n in the text.
.B i
commands don't insist on a leading backslash-\en in the text.
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
.BR r , r, w commands don't insist on whitespace before the filename.
.B w
commands don't insist on whitespace before the filename.
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
The The g, p and P options on s commands may be given in any order.
.BR g ,
.B p
and
.B P
options on
.B s
commands may be given in any order.
.P .P
Some enhancements to regular-expression syntax have been made: Some enhancements to regular-expression syntax have been made:
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
\et is recognized in REs (and elsewhere) as an escape for tab. \\t is recognized in REs (and elswhere) as an escape for tab.
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
In an RE, + calls for 1..n repeats of the previous pattern. In an RE, + calls for 1..n repeats of the previous pattern.
.P .P
The following are completely new features: The following are completely new features:
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
The The l command (list, undocumented and weaker in BSD)
.B l
command (list, undocumented and weaker in BSD)
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu The 'L' command (hex dump).
The
.B W
command (write first line of pattern space to file).
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
The The W command (write first line of pattern space to file).
.B T
command (branch on last substitute failed).
.TP 5 .TP 5
\(bu *
The T command (branch on last substitute failed).
.TP 5
*
Trailing comments are now allowed on command lines. Trailing comments are now allowed on command lines.
.P .P
In addition, In addition, sed's error messages have been made more specific and
.BR sed "'s" informative.
error messages have been made more specific and informative.
.P .P
The implementation is also significantly smaller and faster than The implementation is also significantly smaller and faster than
BSD 4.1 sed. It uses only the standard I/O library and exit(3). BSD 4.1 sed. It uses only the standard I/O library and exit(3).
.P
.SH NOTE
.P
This is a freeware component of the GNU and MINIX operating systems.
The user is hereby granted permission to use, modify, reproduce and
distribute it subject to the following conditions:
.P
1. The authorship notice appearing in each source file may not be
altered or deleted.
.P
2. The object form may not be distributed without source.
.P .P
.SH SEE ALSO .SH SEE ALSO
.P .P
.BR cgrep (1), ed(1), grep(1), awk(1), lex(1), regexp(5)
.BR fgrep (1),
.BR grep (1),
.BR lex (1),
.BR regexp (5),
.BR awk (9).
.P .P
.SH AUTHOR .SH AUTHOR
Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> and Rene Rebe <rene@exactcode.de>.
This program is distributed under the GPL.