124 lines
3 KiB
Groff
124 lines
3 KiB
Groff
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.\" @(#)varargs.3 6.3 (Berkeley) 5/15/86
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.\"
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.TH STDARG 3 "May 15, 1986"
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.AT 3
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.SH NAME
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stdarg \- variable argument list
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.nf
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.ft B
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#include <stdarg.h>
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void va_start(va_list \fIap\fP, \fIargtypeN\fP \fIparmN\fP)
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\fItype\fP va_arg(va_list \fIap\fP, \fItype\fP)
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void va_end(va_list \fIap\fP)
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.ft R
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.fi
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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This set of macros provides a means of writing portable procedures that
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accept variable argument lists.
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Routines having variable argument lists (such as
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.BR printf (3))
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that do not use
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.B stdarg
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are inherently nonportable, since different
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machines use different argument passing conventions.
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.PP
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A function that accepts a variable argument list is declared with "..." at
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the end of its parameter list. It must have at least one normal argument
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before the "...". For example:
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.PP
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.RS
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.nf
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int printf(const char *format, ...) { /* code */ }
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int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...) { /* code */ }
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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.B va_list
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is a type which is used for the variable
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.I ap
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within the body of a variable argument function which is used to traverse
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the list.
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.PP
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.B va_start\c
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.RI ( ap ,
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.IR parmN )
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is called to initialize
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.I ap
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to the beginning of the list. The last true parameter of the function,
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.IR parmN ,
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must be supplied to allow
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.B va_start
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to compute the address of the first variable parameter.
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.PP
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.B va_arg\c
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.RI ( ap ,
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.IR type )
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will return the next argument in the list pointed to by
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.IR ap .
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.I Type
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is the type to which the expected argument will be converted
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when passed as an argument.
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.PP
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Different types can be mixed, but it is up
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to the routine to know what type of argument is
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expected, since it cannot be determined at runtime.
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.PP
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.B va_end\c
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.RI ( ap )
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must be used to finish up.
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.PP
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Multiple traversals, each bracketed by
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.B va_start
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\&...
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.B va_end,
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are possible.
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.SH EXAMPLE
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.nf
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.ta +4n +4n +4n +4n
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\fB#include\fP <stdarg.h>
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.sp 0.4
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execl(\fBconst char\fP *path, \fB...\fP)
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{
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\fBva_list\fP ap;
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\fBchar\fP *args[100];
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\fBint\fP argno = 0;
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\fBva_start\fP(ap, path);
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\fBwhile\fP ((args[argno++] = \fBva_arg\fP(ap, \fBchar\fP *)) != NULL) {}
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\fBva_end\fP(ap);
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\fBreturn\fP execv(path, args);
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}
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.DT
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.fi
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.SH NOTES
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It is up to the calling routine to determine how many arguments
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there are, since it is not possible to determine this from the
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stack frame. For example,
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.B execl
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passes a null pointer to signal the end of the list.
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.B Printf
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can tell how many arguments are supposed to be there by the format.
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.PP
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The macros
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.B va_start
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and
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.B va_end
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may be arbitrarily complex;
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for example,
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.B va_start
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might contain an opening brace,
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which is closed by a matching brace in
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.BR va_end .
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Thus, they should only be used where they could
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be placed within a single complex statement.
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.SH BUGS
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It is impossible to properly show the macros as C declarations as is
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done in the synopsis. They can never be coded as C functions, because
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all three macros use their arguments by address, and the
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.I type
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field is certainly impossible.
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Just look at them as being part of the C language, like
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.BR sizeof .
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