minix/boot/boothead.s

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2005-04-21 16:53:53 +02:00
! Boothead.s - BIOS support for boot.c Author: Kees J. Bot
!
!
! This file contains the startup and low level support for the secondary
! boot program. It contains functions for disk, tty and keyboard I/O,
! copying memory to arbitrary locations, etc.
!
! The primary bootstrap code supplies the following parameters in registers:
! dl = Boot-device.
! es:si = Partition table entry if hard disk.
!
.text
o32 = 0x66 ! This assembler doesn't know 386 extensions
BOOTOFF = 0x7C00 ! 0x0000:BOOTOFF load a bootstrap here
LOADSEG = 0x1000 ! Where this code is loaded.
BUFFER = 0x0600 ! First free memory
PENTRYSIZE = 16 ! Partition table entry size.
a_flags = 2 ! From a.out.h, struct exec
a_text = 8
a_data = 12
a_bss = 16
a_total = 24
A_SEP = 0x20 ! Separate I&D flag
K_I386 = 0x0001 ! Call Minix in 386 mode
K_RET = 0x0020 ! Returns to the monitor on reboot
K_INT86 = 0x0040 ! Requires generic INT support
K_MEML = 0x0080 ! Pass a list of free memory
DS_SELECTOR = 3*8 ! Kernel data selector
ES_SELECTOR = 4*8 ! Flat 4 Gb
SS_SELECTOR = 5*8 ! Monitor stack
CS_SELECTOR = 6*8 ! Kernel code
MCS_SELECTOR= 7*8 ! Monitor code
ESC = 0x1B ! Escape character
! Imported variables and functions:
.extern _caddr, _daddr, _runsize, _edata, _end ! Runtime environment
.extern _device ! BIOS device number
.extern _rem_part ! To pass partition info
.extern _k_flags ! Special kernel flags
.extern _mem ! Free memory list
.extern _cdbooted ! Whether we booted from CD
.extern _cddevice ! Whether we booted from CD
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.text
! Set segment registers and stack pointer using the programs own header!
! The header is either 32 bytes (short form) or 48 bytes (long form). The
! bootblock will jump to address 0x10030 in both cases, calling one of the
! two jmpf instructions below.
!
! CD bootblock jumps to address 0x10050 in both cases.
jmpf boot, LOADSEG+3 ! Set cs right (skipping long a.out header)
.space 11 ! jmpf + 11 = 16 bytes
jmpf boot, LOADSEG+2 ! Set cs right (skipping short a.out header)
.space 11 ! jmpf + 11 = 16 bytes
jmpf cdboot, LOADSEG+3
.space 11
jmpf cdboot, LOADSEG+2
.space 11
cdboot:
mov bx, #1
jmp commonboot
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boot:
mov bx, #0
commonboot:
mov ax, #LOADSEG
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mov ds, ax ! ds = header
movb al, a_flags
testb al, #A_SEP ! Separate I&D?
jnz sepID
comID: xor ax, ax
xchg ax, a_text ! No text
add a_data, ax ! Treat all text as data
sepID:
mov ax, a_total ! Total nontext memory usage
and ax, #0xFFFE ! Round down to even
mov a_total, ax ! total - text = data + bss + heap + stack
cli ! Ignore interrupts while stack in limbo
mov sp, ax ! Set sp at the top of all that
mov ax, a_text ! Determine offset of ds above cs
movb cl, #4
shr ax, cl
mov cx, cs
add ax, cx
mov ds, ax ! ds = cs + text / 16
mov ss, ax
sti ! Stack ok now
push es ! Save es, we need it for the partition table
mov es, ax
cld ! C compiler wants UP
! Clear bss
xor ax, ax ! Zero
mov di, #_edata ! Start of bss is at end of data
mov cx, #_end ! End of bss (begin of heap)
sub cx, di ! Number of bss bytes
shr cx, #1 ! Number of words
rep
stos ! Clear bss
! Copy primary boot parameters to variables. (Can do this now that bss is
! cleared and may be written into).
xorb dh, dh
mov _device, dx ! Boot device (probably 0x00 or 0x80)
mov _rem_part+0, si ! Remote partition table offset
pop _rem_part+2 ! and segment (saved es)
mov _cdbooted, bx ! Booted from CD? (bx set above)
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! Remember the current video mode for restoration on exit.
movb ah, #0x0F ! Get current video mode
int 0x10
andb al, #0x7F ! Mask off bit 7 (no blanking)
movb old_vid_mode, al
movb cur_vid_mode, al
! Give C code access to the code segment, data segment and the size of this
! process.
xor ax, ax
mov dx, cs
call seg2abs
mov _caddr+0, ax
mov _caddr+2, dx
xor ax, ax
mov dx, ds
call seg2abs
mov _daddr+0, ax
mov _daddr+2, dx
push ds
mov ax, #LOADSEG
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mov ds, ax ! Back to the header once more
mov ax, a_total+0
mov dx, a_total+2 ! dx:ax = data + bss + heap + stack
add ax, a_text+0
adc dx, a_text+2 ! dx:ax = text + data + bss + heap + stack
pop ds
mov _runsize+0, ax
mov _runsize+2, dx ! 32 bit size of this process
! Determine available memory as a list of (base,size) pairs as follows:
! mem[0] = low memory, mem[1] = memory between 1M and 16M, mem[2] = memory
! above 16M. Last two coalesced into mem[1] if adjacent.
mov di, #_mem ! di = memory list
int 0x12 ! Returns low memory size (in K) in ax
mul c1024
mov 4(di), ax ! mem[0].size = low memory size in bytes
mov 6(di), dx
call _getprocessor
cmp ax, #286 ! Only 286s and above have extended memory
jb no_ext
cmp ax, #486 ! Assume 486s were the first to have >64M
jb small_ext ! (It helps to be paranoid when using the BIOS)
big_ext:
mov ax, #0xE801 ! Code for get memory size for >64M
int 0x15 ! ax = mem at 1M per 1K, bx = mem at 16M per 64K
jnc got_ext
small_ext:
movb ah, #0x88 ! Code for get extended memory size
clc ! Carry will stay clear if call exists
int 0x15 ! Returns size (in K) in ax for AT's
jc no_ext
test ax, ax ! An AT with no extended memory?
jz no_ext
xor bx, bx ! bx = mem above 16M per 64K = 0
got_ext:
mov cx, ax ! cx = copy of ext mem at 1M
mov 10(di), #0x0010 ! mem[1].base = 0x00100000 (1M)
mul c1024
mov 12(di), ax ! mem[1].size = "ext mem at 1M" * 1024
mov 14(di), dx
test bx, bx
jz no_ext ! No more ext mem above 16M?
cmp cx, #15*1024 ! Chunks adjacent? (precisely 15M at 1M?)
je adj_ext
mov 18(di), #0x0100 ! mem[2].base = 0x01000000 (16M)
mov 22(di), bx ! mem[2].size = "ext mem at 16M" * 64K
jmp no_ext
adj_ext:
add 14(di), bx ! Add ext mem above 16M to mem below 16M
no_ext:
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! Time to switch to a higher level language (not much higher)
call _boot
! void ..exit(int status)
! Exit the monitor by rebooting the system.
.define _exit, __exit, ___exit ! Make various compilers happy
_exit:
__exit:
___exit:
mov bx, sp
cmp 2(bx), #0 ! Good exit status?
jz reboot
quit: mov ax, #any_key
push ax
call _printf
xorb ah, ah ! Read character from keyboard
int 0x16
reboot: call dev_reset
call restore_video
int 0x19 ! Reboot the system
.data
any_key:
.ascii "\nHit any key to reboot\n\0"
.text
! u32_t mon2abs(void *ptr)
! Address in monitor data to absolute address.
.define _mon2abs
_mon2abs:
mov bx, sp
mov ax, 2(bx) ! ptr
mov dx, ds ! Monitor data segment
jmp seg2abs
! u32_t vec2abs(vector *vec)
! 8086 interrupt vector to absolute address.
.define _vec2abs
_vec2abs:
mov bx, sp
mov bx, 2(bx)
mov ax, (bx)
mov dx, 2(bx) ! dx:ax vector
!jmp seg2abs ! Translate
seg2abs: ! Translate dx:ax to the 32 bit address dx-ax
push cx
movb ch, dh
movb cl, #4
shl dx, cl
shrb ch, cl ! ch-dx = dx << 4
add ax, dx
adcb ch, #0 ! ch-ax = ch-dx + ax
movb dl, ch
xorb dh, dh ! dx-ax = ch-ax
pop cx
ret
abs2seg: ! Translate the 32 bit address dx-ax to dx:ax
push cx
movb ch, dl
mov dx, ax ! ch-dx = dx-ax
and ax, #0x000F ! Offset in ax
movb cl, #4
shr dx, cl
shlb ch, cl
orb dh, ch ! dx = ch-dx >> 4
pop cx
ret
! void raw_copy(u32_t dstaddr, u32_t srcaddr, u32_t count)
! Copy count bytes from srcaddr to dstaddr. Don't do overlaps.
! Also handles copying words to or from extended memory.
.define _raw_copy
_raw_copy:
push bp
mov bp, sp
push si
push di ! Save C variable registers
copy:
cmp 14(bp), #0
jnz bigcopy
mov cx, 12(bp)
jcxz copydone ! Count is zero, end copy
cmp cx, #0xFFF0
jb smallcopy
bigcopy:mov cx, #0xFFF0 ! Don't copy more than about 64K at once
smallcopy:
push cx ! Save copying count
mov ax, 4(bp)
mov dx, 6(bp)
cmp dx, #0x0010 ! Copy to extended memory?
jae ext_copy
cmp 10(bp), #0x0010 ! Copy from extended memory?
jae ext_copy
call abs2seg
mov di, ax
mov es, dx ! es:di = dstaddr
mov ax, 8(bp)
mov dx, 10(bp)
call abs2seg
mov si, ax
mov ds, dx ! ds:si = srcaddr
shr cx, #1 ! Words to move
rep
movs ! Do the word copy
adc cx, cx ! One more byte?
rep
movsb ! Do the byte copy
mov ax, ss ! Restore ds and es from the remaining ss
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
jmp copyadjust
ext_copy:
mov x_dst_desc+2, ax
movb x_dst_desc+4, dl ! Set base of destination segment
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movb x_dst_desc+7, dh
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mov ax, 8(bp)
mov dx, 10(bp)
mov x_src_desc+2, ax
movb x_src_desc+4, dl ! Set base of source segment
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movb x_src_desc+7, dh
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mov si, #x_gdt ! es:si = global descriptor table
shr cx, #1 ! Words to move
movb ah, #0x87 ! Code for extended memory move
int 0x15
copyadjust:
pop cx ! Restore count
add 4(bp), cx
adc 6(bp), #0 ! srcaddr += copycount
add 8(bp), cx
adc 10(bp), #0 ! dstaddr += copycount
sub 12(bp), cx
sbb 14(bp), #0 ! count -= copycount
jmp copy ! and repeat
copydone:
pop di
pop si ! Restore C variable registers
pop bp
ret
! u16_t get_word(u32_t addr);
! void put_word(u32_t addr, u16_t word);
! Read or write a 16 bits word at an arbitrary location.
.define _get_word, _put_word
_get_word:
mov bx, sp
call gp_getaddr
mov ax, (bx) ! Word to get from addr
jmp gp_ret
_put_word:
mov bx, sp
push 6(bx) ! Word to store at addr
call gp_getaddr
pop (bx) ! Store the word
jmp gp_ret
gp_getaddr:
mov ax, 2(bx)
mov dx, 4(bx)
call abs2seg
mov bx, ax
mov ds, dx ! ds:bx = addr
ret
gp_ret:
push es
pop ds ! Restore ds
ret
! void relocate(void);
! After the program has copied itself to a safer place, it needs to change
! the segment registers. Caddr has already been set to the new location.
.define _relocate
_relocate:
pop bx ! Return address
mov ax, _caddr+0
mov dx, _caddr+2
call abs2seg
mov cx, dx ! cx = new code segment
mov ax, cs ! Old code segment
sub ax, cx ! ax = -(new - old) = -Moving offset
mov dx, ds
sub dx, ax
mov ds, dx ! ds += (new - old)
mov es, dx
mov ss, dx
xor ax, ax
call seg2abs
mov _daddr+0, ax
mov _daddr+2, dx ! New data address
push cx ! New text segment
push bx ! Return offset of this function
retf ! Relocate
! void *brk(void *addr)
! void *sbrk(size_t incr)
! Cannot fail implementations of brk(2) and sbrk(3), so we can use
! malloc(3). They reboot on stack collision instead of returning -1.
.data
.align 2
break: .data2 _end ! A fake heap pointer
.text
.define _brk, __brk, _sbrk, __sbrk
_brk:
__brk: ! __brk is for the standard C compiler
xor ax, ax
jmp sbrk ! break= 0; return sbrk(addr);
_sbrk:
__sbrk:
mov ax, break ! ax= current break
sbrk: push ax ! save it as future return value
mov bx, sp ! Stack is now: (retval, retaddr, incr, ...)
add ax, 4(bx) ! ax= break + increment
mov break, ax ! Set new break
lea dx, -1024(bx) ! sp minus a bit of breathing space
cmp dx, ax ! Compare with the new break
jb heaperr ! Suffocating noises
lea dx, -4096(bx) ! A warning when heap+stack goes < 4K
cmp dx, ax
jae plenty ! No reason to complain
mov ax, #memwarn
push ax
call _printf ! Warn about memory running low
pop ax
movb memwarn, #0 ! No more warnings
plenty: pop ax ! Return old break (0 for brk)
ret
heaperr:mov ax, #chmem
push ax
mov ax, #nomem
push ax
call _printf
jmp quit
.data
nomem: .ascii "\nOut of%s\0"
memwarn:.ascii "\nLow on"
chmem: .ascii " memory, use chmem to increase the heap\n\0"
.text
! int dev_open(void);
! Given the device "_device" figure out if it exists and what its number
! of heads and sectors may be. Return the BIOS error code on error,
! otherwise 0.
.define _dev_open
_dev_open:
call dev_reset ! Optionally reset the disks
movb dev_state, #0 ! State is "closed"
push es
push di ! Save registers used by BIOS calls
movb dl, _device ! The default device
cmpb dl, _cddevice
je cdopen
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cmpb dl, #0x80 ! Floppy < 0x80, winchester >= 0x80
jae winchester
floppy:
mov di, #3 ! Three tries to init drive by reading sector 0
finit0: xor ax, ax
mov es, ax
mov bx, #BUFFER ! es:bx = scratch buffer
mov ax, #0x0201 ! Read sector, #sectors = 1
mov cx, #0x0001 ! Track 0, first sector
xorb dh, dh ! Drive dl, head 0
int 0x13
jnc finit0ok ! Sector 0 read ok?
cmpb ah, #0x80 ! Disk timed out? (Floppy drive empty)
je geoerr
dec di
jz geoerr
xorb ah, ah ! Reset drive
int 0x13
jc geoerr
jmp finit0 ! Retry once more, it may need to spin up
finit0ok:
mov di, #seclist ! List of per floppy type sectors/track
flast: movb cl, (di) ! Sectors per track to test
cmpb cl, #9 ! No need to do the last 720K/360K test
je ftestok
xor ax, ax
mov es, ax
mov bx, #BUFFER ! es:bx = scratch buffer
mov ax, #0x0201 ! Read sector, #sectors = 1
xorb ch, ch ! Track 0, last sector
xorb dh, dh ! Drive dl, head 0
int 0x13
jnc ftestok ! Sector cl read ok?
xorb ah, ah ! Reset drive
int 0x13
jc geoerr
inc di ! Try next sec/track number
jmp flast
ftestok:
movb dh, #2 ! Floppies have two sides
jmp geoboth
winchester:
movb ah, #0x08 ! Code for drive parameters
int 0x13 ! dl still contains drive
jc geoerr ! No such drive?
andb cl, #0x3F ! cl = max sector number (1-origin)
incb dh ! dh = 1 + max head number (0-origin)
jmp geoboth
cdopen:
movb cl, #0x3F ! Think up geometry for CD's
movb dh, #0x2
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geoboth:
movb sectors, cl ! Sectors per track
movb al, cl ! al = sectors per track
mulb dh ! ax = heads * sectors
mov secspcyl, ax ! Sectors per cylinder = heads * sectors
movb dev_state, #1 ! Device state is "open"
xor ax, ax ! Code for success
geodone:
pop di
pop es ! Restore di and es registers
ret
geoerr: movb al, ah
xorb ah, ah ! ax = BIOS error code
jmp geodone
.data
seclist:
.data1 18, 15, 9 ! 1.44M, 1.2M, and 360K/720K floppy sec/track
.text
! int dev_close(void);
! Close the current device. Under the BIOS this does nothing much.
.define _dev_close
_dev_close:
xor ax, ax
movb dev_state, al ! State is "closed"
ret
! Reset the disks if needed. Minix may have messed things up.
dev_reset:
cmpb dev_state, #0 ! Need reset if dev_state < 0
jge 0f
xorb ah, ah ! Reset (ah = 0)
movb dl, #0x80 ! All disks
int 0x13
movb dev_state, #0 ! State is "closed"
0: ret
! int dev_boundary(u32_t sector);
! True if a sector is on a boundary, i.e. sector % sectors == 0.
.define _dev_boundary
_dev_boundary:
mov bx, sp
xor dx, dx
mov ax, 4(bx) ! divide high half of sector number
div sectors
mov ax, 2(bx) ! divide low half of sector number
div sectors ! dx = sector % sectors
sub dx, #1 ! CF = dx == 0
sbb ax, ax ! ax = -CF
neg ax ! ax = (sector % sectors) == 0
ret
! int biosreadsectors(u32_t bufaddr, u32_t sector, u8_t count)
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! int writesectors(u32_t bufaddr, u32_t sector, u8_t count)
! Read/write several sectors from/to disk or floppy. The buffer must
! be between 64K boundaries! Count must fit in a byte. The external
! variables _device, sectors and secspcyl describe the disk and its
! geometry. Returns 0 for success, otherwise the BIOS error code.
!
.define _biosreadsectors, _writesectors
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_writesectors:
push bp
mov bp, sp
movb 13(bp), #0x03 ! Code for a disk write
jmp rwsec
_biosreadsectors:
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push bp
mov bp, sp
movb 13(bp), #0x02 ! Code for a disk read
rwsec: push si
push di
push es
cmpb dev_state, #0 ! Device state?
jg 0f ! >0 if open
call _dev_open ! Initialize
test ax, ax
jnz badopen
0: mov ax, 4(bp)
mov dx, 6(bp)
call abs2seg
mov bx, ax
mov es, dx ! es:bx = bufaddr
mov di, #3 ! Execute 3 resets on floppy error
cmpb _device, #0x80
jb nohd
mov di, #1 ! But only 1 reset on hard disk error
nohd: cmpb 12(bp), #0 ! count equals zero?
jz done
more: mov ax, 8(bp)
mov dx, 10(bp) ! dx:ax = abs sector. Divide it by sectors/cyl
cmp dx, #[1024*255*63-255]>>16 ! Near 8G limit?
jae bigdisk
mov si, _device
cmp si, _cddevice ! Is it a CD?
je bigdisk ! CD's need extended read.
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div secspcyl ! ax = cylinder, dx = sector within cylinder
xchg ax, dx ! ax = sector within cylinder, dx = cylinder
movb ch, dl ! ch = low 8 bits of cylinder
divb sectors ! al = head, ah = sector (0-origin)
xorb dl, dl ! About to shift bits 8-9 of cylinder into dl
shr dx, #1
shr dx, #1 ! dl[6..7] = high cylinder
orb dl, ah ! dl[0..5] = sector (0-origin)
movb cl, dl ! cl[0..5] = sector, cl[6..7] = high cyl
incb cl ! cl[0..5] = sector (1-origin)
movb dh, al ! dh = head
movb dl, _device ! dl = device to use
movb al, sectors ! Sectors per track - Sector number (0-origin)
subb al, ah ! = Sectors left on this track
cmpb al, 12(bp) ! Compare with # sectors to transfer
jbe doit ! Can't go past the end of a cylinder?
movb al, 12(bp) ! 12(bp) < sectors left on this track
doit: movb ah, 13(bp) ! Code for disk read (0x02) or write (0x03)
push ax ! Save al = sectors to read
int 0x13 ! call the BIOS to do the transfer
pop cx ! Restore al in cl
jmp rdeval
bigdisk:
mov si, #ext_rw ! si = extended read/write parameter packet
movb cl, 12(bp)
movb 2(si), cl ! Fill in # blocks to transfer
mov 4(si), bx ! Buffer address = es:bx
mov 6(si), es
mov 8(si), ax ! Starting block number = dx:ax
mov 10(si), dx
movb dl, _device ! dl = device to use
mov ax, #0x4000 ! This, or-ed with 0x02 or 0x03 becomes
orb ah, 13(bp) ! extended read (0x4200) or write (0x4300)
int 0x13
!jmp rdeval
rdeval:
jc ioerr ! I/O error
movb al, cl ! Restore al = sectors read
addb bh, al ! bx += 2 * al * 256 (add bytes transferred)
addb bh, al ! es:bx = where next sector is located
add 8(bp), ax ! Update address by sectors transferred
adc 10(bp), #0 ! Don't forget high word
subb 12(bp), al ! Decrement sector count by sectors transferred
jnz more ! Not all sectors have been transferred
done: xorb ah, ah ! No error here!
jmp finish
ioerr: cmpb ah, #0x80 ! Disk timed out? (Floppy drive empty)
je finish
cmpb ah, #0x03 ! Disk write protected?
je finish
dec di ! Do we allow another reset?
jl finish ! No, report the error
xorb ah, ah ! Code for a reset (0)
int 0x13
jnc more ! Succesful reset, try request again
finish: movb al, ah
xorb ah, ah ! ax = error number
badopen:pop es
pop di
pop si
pop bp
ret
.data
.align 4
! Extended read/write commands require a parameter packet.
ext_rw:
.data1 0x10 ! Length of extended r/w packet
.data1 0 ! Reserved
.data2 0 ! Blocks to transfer (to be filled in)
.data2 0 ! Buffer address offset (tbfi)
.data2 0 ! Buffer address segment (tbfi)
.data4 0 ! Starting block number low 32 bits (tbfi)
.data4 0 ! Starting block number high 32 bits
.text
! int getch(void);
! Read a character from the keyboard, and check for an expired timer.
! A carriage return is changed into a linefeed for UNIX compatibility.
.define _getch
_getch:
xor ax, ax
xchg ax, unchar ! Ungotten character?
test ax, ax
jnz gotch
getch:
! hlt ! Play dead until interrupted (see pause())
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movb ah, #0x01 ! Keyboard status
int 0x16
jz 0f ! Nothing typed
xorb ah, ah ! Read character from keyboard
int 0x16
jmp press ! Keypress
0: mov dx, line ! Serial line?
test dx, dx
jz 0f
add dx, #5 ! Line Status Register
inb dx
testb al, #0x01 ! Data Ready?
jz 0f
mov dx, line
!add dx, 0 ! Receive Buffer Register
inb dx ! Get character
jmp press
0: call _expired ! Timer expired?
test ax, ax
jz getch
mov ax, #ESC ! Return ESC
ret
press:
cmpb al, #0x0D ! Carriage return?
jnz nocr
movb al, #0x0A ! Change to linefeed
nocr: cmpb al, #ESC ! Escape typed?
jne noesc
inc escape ! Set flag
noesc: xorb ah, ah ! ax = al
gotch: ret
! int ungetch(void);
! Return a character to undo a getch().
.define _ungetch
_ungetch:
mov bx, sp
mov ax, 2(bx)
mov unchar, ax
ret
! int escape(void);
! True if ESC has been typed.
.define _escape
_escape:
movb ah, #0x01 ! Keyboard status
int 0x16
jz escflg ! Keypress?
cmpb al, #ESC ! Escape typed?
jne escflg
xorb ah, ah ! Discard the escape
int 0x16
inc escape ! Set flag
escflg: xor ax, ax
xchg ax, escape ! Escape typed flag
ret
! int putch(int c);
! Write a character in teletype mode. The putk synonym is
! for the kernel printf function that uses it.
! Newlines are automatically preceded by a carriage return.
!
.define _putch, _putk
_putch:
_putk: mov bx, sp
movb al, 2(bx) ! al = character to be printed
testb al, al ! Kernel printf adds a null char to flush queue
jz nulch
cmpb al, #0x0A ! al = newline?
jnz putc
movb al, #0x0D
call putc ! putc('\r')
movb al, #0x0A ! Restore the '\n' and print it
putc: movb ah, #0x0E ! Print character in teletype mode
mov bx, #0x0001 ! Page 0, foreground color
int 0x10
mov bx, line ! Serial line?
test bx, bx
jz nulch
push ax ! Save character to print
call _get_tick ! Current clock tick counter
mov cx, ax
add cx, #2 ! Don't want to see it count twice
1: lea dx, 5(bx) ! Line Status Register
inb dx
testb al, #0x20 ! Transmitter Holding Register Empty?
jnz 0f
call _get_tick
cmp ax, cx ! Clock ticked more than once?
jne 1b
0: pop ax ! Restore character to print
mov dx, bx ! Transmit Holding Register
outb dx ! Send character down the serial line
nulch: ret
! void pause(void);
! Wait for an interrupt using the HLT instruction. This either saves
! power, or tells an x86 emulator that nothing is happening right now.
.define _pause
_pause:
! hlt
2005-04-21 16:53:53 +02:00
ret
! void set_mode(unsigned mode);
! void clear_screen(void);
! Set video mode / clear the screen.
.define _set_mode, _clear_screen
_set_mode:
mov bx, sp
mov ax, 2(bx) ! Video mode
cmp ax, cur_vid_mode
je modeok ! Mode already as requested?
mov cur_vid_mode, ax
_clear_screen:
xor ax, ax
mov es, ax ! es = Vector segment
mov ax, cur_vid_mode
movb ch, ah ! Copy of the special flags
andb ah, #0x0F ! Test bits 8-11, clear special flags
jnz xvesa ! VESA extended mode?
int 0x10 ! Reset video (ah = 0)
jmp md_480
xvesa: mov bx, ax ! bx = extended mode
mov ax, #0x4F02 ! Reset video
int 0x10
md_480: ! Basic video mode is set, now build on it
testb ch, #0x20 ! 480 scan lines requested?
jz md_14pt
mov dx, #0x3CC ! Get CRTC port
inb dx
movb dl, #0xD4
testb al, #1 ! Mono or color?
jnz 0f
movb dl, #0xB4
0: mov ax, #0x110C ! Vertical sync end (also unlocks CR0-7)
call out2
mov ax, #0x060B ! Vertical total
call out2
mov ax, #0x073E ! (Vertical) overflow
call out2
mov ax, #0x10EA ! Vertical sync start
call out2
mov ax, #0x12DF ! Vertical display end
call out2
mov ax, #0x15E7 ! Vertical blank start
call out2
mov ax, #0x1604 ! Vertical blank end
call out2
push dx
movb dl, #0xCC ! Misc output register (read)
inb dx
movb dl, #0xC2 ! (write)
andb al, #0x0D ! Preserve clock select bits and color bit
orb al, #0xE2 ! Set correct sync polarity
outb dx
pop dx ! Index register still in dx
md_14pt:
testb ch, #0x40 ! 9x14 point font requested?
jz md_8pt
mov ax, #0x1111 ! Load ROM 9 by 14 font
xorb bl, bl ! Load block 0
int 0x10
testb ch, #0x20 ! 480 scan lines?
jz md_8pt
mov ax, #0x12DB ! VGA vertical display end
call out2
eseg movb 0x0484, #33 ! Tell BIOS the last line number
md_8pt:
testb ch, #0x80 ! 8x8 point font requested?
jz setcur
mov ax, #0x1112 ! Load ROM 8 by 8 font
xorb bl, bl ! Load block 0
int 0x10
testb ch, #0x20 ! 480 scan lines?
jz setcur
mov ax, #0x12DF ! VGA vertical display end
call out2
eseg movb 0x0484, #59 ! Tell BIOS the last line number
setcur:
xor dx, dx ! dl = column = 0, dh = row = 0
xorb bh, bh ! Page 0
movb ah, #0x02 ! Set cursor position
int 0x10
push ss
pop es ! Restore es
modeok: ret
! Out to the usual [index, data] port pair that are common for VGA devices
! dx = port, ah = index, al = data.
out2:
push dx
push ax
movb al, ah
outb dx ! Set index
inc dx
pop ax
outb dx ! Send data
pop dx
ret
restore_video: ! To restore the video mode on exit
mov ax, old_vid_mode
push ax
call _set_mode
pop ax
ret
! void serial_init(int line)
! Initialize copying console I/O to a serial line.
.define _serial_init
_serial_init:
mov bx, sp
mov dx, 2(bx) ! Line number
mov line, #0
test dx, dx ! Off if line number < 0
js 0f
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push ds
xor ax, ax
mov ds, ax ! Vector and BIOS data segment
mov bx, dx ! Line number
shl bx, #1 ! Word offset
mov bx, 0x0400(bx) ! I/O port for the given line
pop ds
mov line, bx ! Remember I/O port
serial_init:
mov bx, line
test bx, bx ! I/O port must be nonzero
jz 0f
mov ax, #0x00E3 ! 9600 N-8-1
int 0x14 ! Initialize serial line dx
lea dx, 4(bx) ! Modem Control Register
movb al, #0x0B ! DTR, RTS, OUT2
outb dx
0: ret
! u32_t get_tick(void);
! Return the current value of the clock tick counter. This counter
! increments 18.2 times per second. Poll it to do delays. Does not
! work on the original PC, but works on the PC/XT.
.define _get_tick
_get_tick:
push cx
xorb ah, ah ! Code for get tick count
int 0x1A
mov ax, dx
mov dx, cx ! dx:ax = cx:dx = tick count
pop cx
ret
! Functions used to obtain info about the hardware. Boot uses this information
! itself, but will also pass them on to a pure 386 kernel, because one can't
! make BIOS calls from protected mode. The video type could probably be
! determined by the kernel too by looking at the hardware, but there is a small
! chance on errors that the monitor allows you to correct by setting variables.
.define _get_bus ! returns type of system bus
.define _get_video ! returns type of display
! u16_t get_bus(void)
! Return type of system bus, in order: XT, AT, MCA.
_get_bus:
call _getprocessor
xor dx, dx ! Assume XT
cmp ax, #286 ! An AT has at least a 286
jb got_bus
inc dx ! Assume AT
movb ah, #0xC0 ! Code for get configuration
int 0x15
jc got_bus ! Carry clear and ah = 00 if supported
testb ah, ah
jne got_bus
eseg
movb al, 5(bx) ! Load feature byte #1
inc dx ! Assume MCA
testb al, #0x02 ! Test bit 1 - "bus is Micro Channel"
jnz got_bus
dec dx ! Assume AT
testb al, #0x40 ! Test bit 6 - "2nd 8259 installed"
jnz got_bus
dec dx ! It is an XT
got_bus:
push ds
pop es ! Restore es
mov ax, dx ! Return bus code
mov bus, ax ! Keep bus code, A20 handler likes to know
ret
! u16_t get_video(void)
! Return type of display, in order: MDA, CGA, mono EGA, color EGA,
! mono VGA, color VGA.
_get_video:
mov ax, #0x1A00 ! Function 1A returns display code
int 0x10 ! al = 1A if supported
cmpb al, #0x1A
jnz no_dc ! No display code function supported
mov ax, #2
cmpb bl, #5 ! Is it a monochrome EGA?
jz got_video
inc ax
cmpb bl, #4 ! Is it a color EGA?
jz got_video
inc ax
cmpb bl, #7 ! Is it a monochrome VGA?
jz got_video
inc ax
cmpb bl, #8 ! Is it a color VGA?
jz got_video
no_dc: movb ah, #0x12 ! Get information about the EGA
movb bl, #0x10
int 0x10
cmpb bl, #0x10 ! Did it come back as 0x10? (No EGA)
jz no_ega
mov ax, #2
cmpb bh, #1 ! Is it monochrome?
jz got_video
inc ax
jmp got_video
no_ega: int 0x11 ! Get bit pattern for equipment
and ax, #0x30 ! Isolate color/mono field
sub ax, #0x30
jz got_video ! Is it an MDA?
mov ax, #1 ! No it's CGA
got_video:
ret
! Functions to leave the boot monitor.
.define _bootstrap ! Call another bootstrap
.define _minix ! Call Minix
! void _bootstrap(int device, struct part_entry *entry)
! Call another bootstrap routine to boot MS-DOS for instance. (No real
! need for that anymore, now that you can format floppies under Minix).
! The bootstrap must have been loaded at BOOTSEG from "device".
_bootstrap:
call restore_video
mov bx, sp
movb dl, 2(bx) ! Device to boot from
mov si, 4(bx) ! ds:si = partition table entry
xor ax, ax
mov es, ax ! Vector segment
mov di, #BUFFER ! es:di = buffer in low core
mov cx, #PENTRYSIZE ! cx = size of partition table entry
rep movsb ! Copy the entry to low core
mov si, #BUFFER ! es:si = partition table entry
mov ds, ax ! Some bootstraps need zero segment registers
cli
mov ss, ax
mov sp, #BOOTOFF ! This should do it
sti
jmpf BOOTOFF, 0 ! Back to where the BIOS loads the boot code
! void minix(u32_t koff, u32_t kcs, u32_t kds,
! char *bootparams, size_t paramsize, u32_t aout);
! Call Minix.
_minix:
push bp
mov bp, sp ! Pointer to arguments
mov dx, #0x03F2 ! Floppy motor drive control bits
movb al, #0x0C ! Bits 4-7 for floppy 0-3 are off
outb dx ! Kill the motors
push ds
xor ax, ax ! Vector & BIOS data segments
mov ds, ax
andb 0x043F, #0xF0 ! Clear diskette motor status bits of BIOS
pop ds
cli ! No more interruptions
test _k_flags, #K_I386 ! Switch to 386 mode?
jnz minix386
! Call Minix in real mode.
minix86:
test _k_flags, #K_MEML ! New memory arrangements?
jz 0f
push 22(bp) ! Address of a.out headers
push 20(bp)
0:
push 18(bp) ! # bytes of boot parameters
push 16(bp) ! Address of boot parameters
test _k_flags, #K_RET ! Can the kernel return?
jz noret86
xor dx, dx ! If little ext mem then monitor not preserved
xor ax, ax
cmp _mon_return, ax ! Minix can return to the monitor?
jz 0f
mov dx, cs ! Monitor far return address
mov ax, #ret86
0: push dx ! Push monitor far return address or zero
push ax
noret86:
mov ax, 8(bp)
mov dx, 10(bp)
call abs2seg
push dx ! Kernel code segment
push 4(bp) ! Kernel code offset
mov ax, 12(bp)
mov dx, 14(bp)
call abs2seg
mov ds, dx ! Kernel data segment
mov es, dx ! Set es to kernel data too
retf ! Make a far call to the kernel
! Call Minix in 386 mode.
minix386:
cseg mov cs_real-2, cs ! Patch CS and DS into the instructions that
cseg mov ds_real-2, ds ! reload them when switching back to real mode
.data1 0x0F,0x20,0xC0 ! mov eax, cr0
orb al, #0x01 ! Set PE (protection enable) bit
.data1 o32
mov msw, ax ! Save as protected mode machine status word
mov dx, ds ! Monitor ds
mov ax, #p_gdt ! dx:ax = Global descriptor table
call seg2abs
mov p_gdt_desc+2, ax
movb p_gdt_desc+4, dl ! Set base of global descriptor table
mov ax, 12(bp)
mov dx, 14(bp) ! Kernel ds (absolute address)
mov p_ds_desc+2, ax
movb p_ds_desc+4, dl ! Set base of kernel data segment
mov dx, ss ! Monitor ss
xor ax, ax ! dx:ax = Monitor stack segment
call seg2abs ! Minix starts with the stack of the monitor
mov p_ss_desc+2, ax
movb p_ss_desc+4, dl
mov ax, 8(bp)
mov dx, 10(bp) ! Kernel cs (absolute address)
mov p_cs_desc+2, ax
movb p_cs_desc+4, dl
mov dx, cs ! Monitor cs
xor ax, ax ! dx:ax = Monitor code segment
call seg2abs
mov p_mcs_desc+2, ax
movb p_mcs_desc+4, dl
push #MCS_SELECTOR
test _k_flags, #K_INT86 ! Generic INT86 support?
jz 0f
push #int86 ! Far address to INT86 support
jmp 1f
0: push #bios13 ! Far address to BIOS int 13 support
1:
test _k_flags, #K_MEML ! New memory arrangements?
jz 0f
.data1 o32
push 20(bp) ! Address of a.out headers
0:
push #0
push 18(bp) ! 32 bit size of parameters on stack
push #0
push 16(bp) ! 32 bit address of parameters (ss relative)
test _k_flags, #K_RET ! Can the kernel return?
jz noret386
push #MCS_SELECTOR
push #ret386 ! Monitor far return address
noret386:
push #0
push #CS_SELECTOR
push 6(bp)
push 4(bp) ! 32 bit far address to kernel entry point
call real2prot ! Switch to protected mode
mov ax, #DS_SELECTOR ! Kernel data
mov ds, ax
mov ax, #ES_SELECTOR ! Flat 4 Gb
mov es, ax
.data1 o32 ! Make a far call to the kernel
retf
! Minix-86 returns here on a halt or reboot.
ret86:
mov _reboot_code+0, ax
mov _reboot_code+2, dx ! Return value (obsolete method)
jmp return
! Minix-386 returns here on a halt or reboot.
ret386:
.data1 o32
mov _reboot_code, ax ! Return value (obsolete method)
call prot2real ! Switch to real mode
return:
mov sp, bp ! Pop parameters
sti ! Can take interrupts again
call _get_video ! MDA, CGA, EGA, ...
movb dh, #24 ! dh = row 24
cmp ax, #2 ! At least EGA?
jb is25 ! Otherwise 25 rows
push ds
xor ax, ax ! Vector & BIOS data segments
mov ds, ax
movb dh, 0x0484 ! Number of rows on display minus one
pop ds
is25:
xorb dl, dl ! dl = column 0
xorb bh, bh ! Page 0
movb ah, #0x02 ! Set cursor position
int 0x10
movb dev_state, #-1 ! Minix may have upset the disks, must reset.
call serial_init ! Likewise with our serial console
call _getprocessor
cmp ax, #286
jb noclock
xorb al, al
tryclk: decb al
jz noclock
movb ah, #0x02 ! Get real-time clock time (from CMOS clock)
int 0x1A
jc tryclk ! Carry set, not running or being updated
movb al, ch ! ch = hour in BCD
call bcd ! al = (al >> 4) * 10 + (al & 0x0F)
mulb c60 ! 60 minutes in an hour
mov bx, ax ! bx = hour * 60
movb al, cl ! cl = minutes in BCD
call bcd
add bx, ax ! bx = hour * 60 + minutes
movb al, dh ! dh = seconds in BCD
call bcd
xchg ax, bx ! ax = hour * 60 + minutes, bx = seconds
mul c60 ! dx-ax = (hour * 60 + minutes) * 60
add bx, ax
adc dx, #0 ! dx-bx = seconds since midnight
mov ax, dx
mul c19663
xchg ax, bx
mul c19663
add dx, bx ! dx-ax = dx-bx * (0x1800B0 / (2*2*2*2*5))
mov cx, ax ! (0x1800B0 = ticks per day of BIOS clock)
mov ax, dx
xor dx, dx
div c1080
xchg ax, cx
div c1080 ! cx-ax = dx-ax / (24*60*60 / (2*2*2*2*5))
mov dx, ax ! cx-dx = ticks since midnight
movb ah, #0x01 ! Set system time
int 0x1A
noclock:
pop bp
ret ! Return to monitor as if nothing much happened
! Transform BCD number in al to a regular value in ax.
bcd: movb ah, al
shrb ah, #4
andb al, #0x0F
.data1 0xD5,10 ! aad ! ax = (al >> 4) * 10 + (al & 0x0F)
ret ! (BUG: assembler messes up aad & aam!)
! Support function for Minix-386 to make a BIOS int 13 call (disk I/O).
bios13:
mov bp, sp
call prot2real
sti ! Enable interrupts
mov ax, 8(bp) ! Load parameters
mov bx, 10(bp)
mov cx, 12(bp)
mov dx, 14(bp)
mov es, 16(bp)
int 0x13 ! Make the BIOS call
mov 8(bp), ax ! Save results
mov 10(bp), bx
mov 12(bp), cx
mov 14(bp), dx
mov 16(bp), es
cli ! Disable interrupts
call real2prot
mov ax, #DS_SELECTOR ! Kernel data
mov ds, ax
.data1 o32
retf ! Return to the kernel
! Support function for Minix-386 to make an 8086 interrupt call.
int86:
mov bp, sp
call prot2real
.data1 o32
xor ax, ax
mov es, ax ! Vector & BIOS data segments
.data1 o32
eseg mov 0x046C, ax ! Clear BIOS clock tick counter
sti ! Enable interrupts
movb al, #0xCD ! INT instruction
movb ah, 8(bp) ! Interrupt number?
testb ah, ah
jnz 0f ! Nonzero if INT, otherwise far call
push cs
push #intret+2 ! Far return address
.data1 o32
push 12(bp) ! Far driver address
mov ax, #0x90CB ! RETF; NOP
0:
cseg cmp ax, intret ! Needs to be changed?
je 0f ! If not then avoid a huge I-cache stall
2005-09-07 20:24:38 +02:00
cseg mov intret, ax ! Patch 'INT n' or 'RETF; NOP' into code
2005-04-21 16:53:53 +02:00
jmp .+2 ! Clear instruction queue
0:
mov ds, 16(bp) ! Load parameters
mov es, 18(bp)
.data1 o32
mov ax, 20(bp)
.data1 o32
mov bx, 24(bp)
.data1 o32
mov cx, 28(bp)
.data1 o32
mov dx, 32(bp)
.data1 o32
mov si, 36(bp)
.data1 o32
mov di, 40(bp)
.data1 o32
mov bp, 44(bp)
intret: int 0xFF ! Do the interrupt or far call
.data1 o32 ! Save results
push bp
.data1 o32
pushf
mov bp, sp
.data1 o32
pop 8+8(bp) ! eflags
mov 8+16(bp), ds
mov 8+18(bp), es
.data1 o32
mov 8+20(bp), ax
.data1 o32
mov 8+24(bp), bx
.data1 o32
mov 8+28(bp), cx
.data1 o32
mov 8+32(bp), dx
.data1 o32
mov 8+36(bp), si
.data1 o32
mov 8+40(bp), di
.data1 o32
pop 8+44(bp) ! ebp
cli ! Disable interrupts
xor ax, ax
mov ds, ax ! Vector & BIOS data segments
.data1 o32
mov cx, 0x046C ! Collect lost clock ticks in ecx
mov ax, ss
mov ds, ax ! Restore monitor ds
call real2prot
mov ax, #DS_SELECTOR ! Kernel data
mov ds, ax
.data1 o32
retf ! Return to the kernel
! Switch from real to protected mode.
real2prot:
movb ah, #0x02 ! Code for A20 enable
call gate_A20
lgdt p_gdt_desc ! Global descriptor table
.data1 o32
mov ax, pdbr ! Load page directory base register
.data1 0x0F,0x22,0xD8 ! mov cr3, eax
.data1 0x0F,0x20,0xC0 ! mov eax, cr0
.data1 o32
xchg ax, msw ! Exchange real mode msw for protected mode msw
.data1 0x0F,0x22,0xC0 ! mov cr0, eax
jmpf cs_prot, MCS_SELECTOR ! Set code segment selector
cs_prot:
mov ax, #SS_SELECTOR ! Set data selectors
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov ss, ax
ret
! Switch from protected to real mode.
prot2real:
lidt p_idt_desc ! Real mode interrupt vectors
.data1 0x0F,0x20,0xD8 ! mov eax, cr3
.data1 o32
mov pdbr, ax ! Save page directory base register
.data1 0x0F,0x20,0xC0 ! mov eax, cr0
.data1 o32
xchg ax, msw ! Exchange protected mode msw for real mode msw
.data1 0x0F,0x22,0xC0 ! mov cr0, eax
jmpf cs_real, 0xDEAD ! Reload cs register
cs_real:
mov ax, #0xBEEF
ds_real:
mov ds, ax ! Reload data segment registers
mov es, ax
mov ss, ax
xorb ah, ah ! Code for A20 disable
!jmp gate_A20
! Enable (ah = 0x02) or disable (ah = 0x00) the A20 address line.
gate_A20:
cmp bus, #2 ! PS/2 bus?
je gate_PS_A20
call kb_wait
movb al, #0xD1 ! Tell keyboard that a command is coming
outb 0x64
call kb_wait
movb al, #0xDD ! 0xDD = A20 disable code if ah = 0x00
orb al, ah ! 0xDF = A20 enable code if ah = 0x02
outb 0x60
call kb_wait
movb al, #0xFF ! Pulse output port
outb 0x64
call kb_wait ! Wait for the A20 line to settle down
ret
kb_wait:
inb 0x64
testb al, #0x02 ! Keyboard input buffer full?
jnz kb_wait ! If so, wait
ret
gate_PS_A20: ! The PS/2 can twiddle A20 using port A
inb 0x92 ! Read port A
andb al, #0xFD
orb al, ah ! Set A20 bit to the required state
outb 0x92 ! Write port A
jmp .+2 ! Small delay
A20ok: inb 0x92 ! Check port A
andb al, #0x02
cmpb al, ah ! A20 line settled down to the new state?
jne A20ok ! If not then wait
ret
! void int15(bios_env_t *ep)
! Do an "INT 15" call, primarily for APM (Power Management).
.define _int15
_int15:
push si ! Save callee-save register si
mov si, sp
mov si, 4(si) ! ep
mov ax, (si) ! ep->ax
mov bx, 2(si) ! ep->bx
mov cx, 4(si) ! ep->cx
int 0x15 ! INT 0x15 BIOS call
pushf ! Save flags
mov (si), ax ! ep->ax
mov 2(si), bx ! ep->bx
mov 4(si), cx ! ep->cx
pop 6(si) ! ep->flags
pop si ! Restore
ret
! void scan_keyboard(void)
! Read keyboard character. Needs to be done in case one is waiting.
.define _scan_keyboard
_scan_keyboard:
inb 0x60
inb 0x61
movb ah, al
orb al, #0x80
outb 0x61
movb al, ah
outb 0x61
ret
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.data
.ascii "(null)\0" ! Just in case someone follows a null pointer
.align 2
c60: .data2 60 ! Constants for MUL and DIV
c1024: .data2 1024
c1080: .data2 1080
c19663: .data2 19663
! Global descriptor tables.
UNSET = 0 ! Must be computed
! For "Extended Memory Block Move".
x_gdt:
x_null_desc:
! Null descriptor
.data2 0x0000, 0x0000
.data1 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
x_gdt_desc:
! Descriptor for this descriptor table
.data2 6*8-1, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
x_src_desc:
! Source segment descriptor
.data2 0xFFFF, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x92, 0x00, 0x00
x_dst_desc:
! Destination segment descriptor
.data2 0xFFFF, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x92, 0x00, 0x00
x_bios_desc:
! BIOS segment descriptor (scratch for int 0x15)
.data2 UNSET, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, UNSET, UNSET, UNSET
x_ss_desc:
! BIOS stack segment descriptor (scratch for int 0x15)
.data2 UNSET, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, UNSET, UNSET, UNSET
! Protected mode descriptor table.
p_gdt:
p_null_desc:
! Null descriptor
.data2 0x0000, 0x0000
.data1 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
p_gdt_desc:
! Descriptor for this descriptor table
.data2 8*8-1, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
p_idt_desc:
! Real mode interrupt descriptor table descriptor
.data2 0x03FF, 0x0000
.data1 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
p_ds_desc:
! Kernel data segment descriptor (4 Gb flat)
.data2 0xFFFF, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x92, 0xCF, 0x00
p_es_desc:
! Physical memory descriptor (4 Gb flat)
.data2 0xFFFF, 0x0000
.data1 0x00, 0x92, 0xCF, 0x00
p_ss_desc:
! Monitor data segment descriptor (64 kb flat)
.data2 0xFFFF, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x92, 0x00, 0x00
p_cs_desc:
! Kernel code segment descriptor (4 Gb flat)
.data2 0xFFFF, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x9A, 0xCF, 0x00
p_mcs_desc:
! Monitor code segment descriptor (64 kb flat)
.data2 0xFFFF, UNSET
.data1 UNSET, 0x9A, 0x00, 0x00
.bss
.comm old_vid_mode, 2 ! Video mode at startup
.comm cur_vid_mode, 2 ! Current video mode
.comm dev_state, 2 ! Device state: reset (-1), closed (0), open (1)
.comm sectors, 2 ! # sectors of current device
.comm secspcyl, 2 ! (Sectors * heads) of current device
.comm msw, 4 ! Saved machine status word (cr0)
.comm pdbr, 4 ! Saved page directory base register (cr3)
.comm escape, 2 ! Escape typed?
.comm bus, 2 ! Saved return value of _get_bus
.comm unchar, 2 ! Char returned by ungetch(c)
.comm line, 2 ! Serial line I/O port to copy console I/O to.