705 lines
14 KiB
Text
705 lines
14 KiB
Text
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" %sccs.include.redist.roff%
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.\"
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.\" Id: ex.summary,v 8.3 1996/08/18 11:36:16 bostic Exp (Berkeley) Date: 1996/08/18 11:36:16
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.\"
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.ds p \v'-0.2'.\v'+0.2'
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.ds U \s-2UNIX\s+2
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.ds c \v'-0.2':\v'+0.2'
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.nr LL 6.5i
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.lt 6.5i
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.ll 6.5i
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.ds CH
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.ds LF Computing Services, U.C. Berkeley
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.ds RF April 3, 1979
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.de SP
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.sp 1v
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..
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.nr PI 3n
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.nr PD 0
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.ND
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.ps 12
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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Ex/Edit Command Summary (Version 2.0)
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.sp 1
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.ft R
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.nr VS 11
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.nr PS 9
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.2C
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.PP
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.I Ex
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and
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.I edit
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are text editors, used for creating
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and modifying files of text on the \*U
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computer system.
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.I Edit
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is a variant of
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.I ex
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with features designed to
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make it less complicated
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to learn and use.
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In terms of command syntax and effect
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the editors are essentially identical,
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and this command summary applies to both.
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.PP
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The summary is meant as a quick reference
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for users already acquainted
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with
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.I edit
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or \fIex\fP.
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Fuller explanations of the editors are available
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in the documents
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.I
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Edit: A Tutorial
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.R
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(a self-teaching introduction) and the
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.I
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Ex Reference Manual
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.R
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(the comprehensive reference source for
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both \fIedit\fP and \fIex\fP).
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Both of these writeups are available in the
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Computing Services Library.
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.PP
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In the examples included with the
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summary, commands and text entered by
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the user are printed in \fBboldface\fR to
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distinguish them from responses printed
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by the computer.
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.sp 0.45v
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.LP
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.B
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The Editor Buffer
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.PP
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In order to perform its tasks
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the editor sets aside a temporary
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work space,
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called a \fIbuffer\fR,
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separate from the user's permanent
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file.
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Before starting to work on an existing
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file the editor makes a copy of it in the
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buffer, leaving the original untouched.
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All editing changes are made to the
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buffer copy, which must then
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be written back to the permanent
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file in order to update the
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old version.
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The buffer disappears
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at the end of the editing session.
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.sp 0.45v
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.LP
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.B
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Editing: Command and Text Input Modes
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.PP
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.R
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During an editing session there are
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two usual modes of operation:
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\fIcommand\fP mode and \fItext input\fP
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mode.
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(This disregards, for the moment,
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.I open
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and
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.I visual
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modes, discussed below.)
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In command mode, the editor issues a
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colon prompt (:)
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to show that it is ready to
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accept and execute a command.
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In text input mode, on the other hand, there is
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no prompt and the editor merely accepts text to
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be added to the buffer.
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Text input mode is initiated by the commands
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\fIappend\fP, \fIinsert\fP, and \fIchange\fP,
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and is terminated by typing a period as the
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first and only character on a line.
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.sp 0.45v
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.LP
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.B
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Line Numbers and Command Syntax
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.PP
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.R
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The editor keeps track of lines of text
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in the buffer by numbering them consecutively
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starting with 1 and renumbering
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as lines are added or deleted.
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At any given time the editor is positioned
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at one of these lines; this position is
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called the \fIcurrent line\fP.
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Generally, commands that change the
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contents of the buffer print the
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new current line at the end of their
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execution.
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.PP
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Most commands can be preceded by one or two
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line-number addresses which indicate the lines
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to be affected.
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If one number is given the command operates on
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that line only; if two, on an inclusive range
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of lines.
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Commands that can take line-number prefixes also
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assume default prefixes if none are given.
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The default assumed by each command is designed
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to make it convenient to use in many instances
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without any line-number prefix.
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For the most part, a command used without a
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prefix operates on the current line,
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though exceptions to this rule should be noted.
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The \fIprint\fP command
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by itself, for instance, causes
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one line, the current line, to be
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printed at the terminal.
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.PP
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The summary shows the number of line addresses
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that can be
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prefixed to each command as well as
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the defaults assumed if they are omitted.
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For example,
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.I (.,.)
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means that up to 2 line-numbers may be given,
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and that if none is given the
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command operates on the current line.
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(In the address prefix notation, ``.'' stands
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for the current line and ``$'' stands for
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the last line of the buffer.)
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If no such notation appears, no
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line-number prefix may be used.
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.PP
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Some commands take trailing
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information;
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only
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the more important instances of this
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are mentioned in the summary.
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.sp 0.25v
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.LP
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.B
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Open and Visual Modes
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.PP
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.R
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Besides command and text input modes,
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.I ex
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and
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.I edit
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provide on some CRT terminals other modes of editing,
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.I open
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and
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.I visual .
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In these modes the cursor can
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be moved to individual words
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or characters in a line.
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The commands then given are very different
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from the standard editor commands; most do not appear on the screen when
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typed.
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.I
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An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi
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.R
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provides a full discussion.
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.sp 0.25v
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.LP
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.B
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Special Characters
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.PP
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.R
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.fi
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Some characters take on special meanings
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when used in context searches
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and in patterns given to the \fIsubstitute\fP command.
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For \fIedit\fR, these are ``^'' and ``$'',
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meaning the beginning and end of a line,
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respectively.
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.I Ex
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has the following additional special characters:
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.B
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.ce 1
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\&. & * [ ] ~
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.R
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To use one of the special characters as its
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simple graphic representation
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rather than with its special meaning,
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precede it by a backslash (\\).
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The backslash always has a special meaning.
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.1C
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.TS
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cp10 cp10 cp10 cp10
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ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
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Name Abbr Description Examples
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.sp 1.75
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(.)\fBappend a T{
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Begins text input mode,
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adding lines to the buffer after
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the line specified. Appending continues
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until ``.'' is typed alone at the
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beginning of a new line, followed by
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a carriage return. \fI0a\fR places
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lines at the beginning of the buffer.
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T} T{
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.nf
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\fR:\fBa
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Three lines of text
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are added to the buffer
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after the current line.
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\*p
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.R
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\*c
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.fi
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T}
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.SP
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\fR(.,.)\fBchange c T{
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Deletes indicated line(s) and
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initiates text input mode to
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replace them with new text which follows.
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New text is terminated the same way
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as with \fIappend\fR.
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T} T{
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.nf
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:\fB5,6c
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Lines 5 and 6 are
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deleted and replaced by
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these three lines.
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\*p
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.R
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\*c
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.fi
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T}
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.SP
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\fR(.,.)\fBcopy \fIaddr co T{
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Places a copy of the specified lines
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after the line indicated by \fIaddr\fR.
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The example places a copy of lines 8 through
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12, inclusive, after line 25.
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T} T{
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.nf
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\fR:\fB8,12co 25
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\fRLast line copied is printed
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\fR\*c
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.fi
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T}
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.SP
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\fR(.,.)\fBdelete d T{
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Removes lines from the buffer
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and prints the current line after the deletion.
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T} T{
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.nf
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\fR:\fB13,15d
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\fRNew current line is printed
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\*c
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.fi
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T}
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.TE
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.sp 0.5v
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.TS
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ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
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T{
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\fBedit \fIfile\fP
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.br
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\fBedit! \fIfile\fP
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T} T{
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e
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.br
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e!
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T} T{
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.fi
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\fRClears the editor buffer and then
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copies into it the named \fIfile\fR,
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which becomes the current file.
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This is a way of shifting to a different
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file
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without leaving the editor.
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The editor issues a warning
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message if this command is used before
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saving changes
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made to the file already in the buffer;
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using the form \fBe!\fR overrides this protective mechanism.
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T} T{
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.nf
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\fR:\fBe ch10\fR
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No write since last change
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:\fBe! ch10\fR
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"ch10" 3 lines, 62 characters
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\*c
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.fi
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T}
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.SP
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\fBfile \fIname\fR f T{
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\fRIf followed by a \fIname\fR, renames
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the current file to \fIname\fR.
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If used without \fIname\fR, prints
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the name of the current file.
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T} T{
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.nf
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\fR:\fBf ch9
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\fR"ch9" [Modified] 3 lines ...
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:\fBf
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\fR"ch9" [Modified] 3 lines ...
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\*c
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.fi
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T}
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.SP
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(1,$)\fBglobal g \fBglobal/\fIpattern\fB/\fIcommands T{
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.nf
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:\fBg/nonsense/d
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\fR\*c
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.fi
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T}
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\fR(1,$)\fBglobal! g!\fR or \fBv T{
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Searches the entire buffer (unless a smaller
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range is specified by line-number prefixes) and
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executes \fIcommands\fR on every line with
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an expression matching \fIpattern\fR.
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The second form, abbreviated
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either \fBg!\fR or \fBv\fR,
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executes \fIcommands\fR on lines that \fIdo
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not\fR contain the expression \fIpattern\fR.
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T} \^
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.SP
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\fR(.)\fBinsert i T{
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Inserts new lines of text immediately before the specified line.
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Differs from
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.I append
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only in that text is placed before, rather than after, the indicated line.
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In other words, \fB1i\fR has the same effect as \fB0a\fR.
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T} T{
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.nf
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:\fB1i
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These lines of text will
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be added prior to line 1.
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\&.
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\fR:
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.fi
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T}
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.SP
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\fR(.,.+1)\fBjoin j T{
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Join lines together, adjusting white space (spaces
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and tabs) as necessary.
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T} T{
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.nf
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:\fB2,5j\fR
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Resulting line is printed
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:
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.fi
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T}
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.TE
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.bp
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|
.TS
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|
cp10 cp10 cp10 cp10
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|
ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
|
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|
Name Abbr Description Examples
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|
.sp 1.75
|
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|
\fR(.,.)\fBlist l T{
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\fRPrints lines in a more
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unambiguous way than the \fIprint\fR
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|
command does. The end of a line,
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|
for example, is marked with a ``$'',
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|
and tabs printed as ``^I''.
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|
T} T{
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|
.nf
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|
:\fB9l
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\fRThis is line 9$
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|
\*c
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|
.fi
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|
T}
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|
.TE
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||
|
.sp 0.5v
|
||
|
.TS
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|
ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
|
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|
\fR(.,.)\fBmove \fIaddr\fB m T{
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|
\fRMoves the specified lines
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|
to a position after the line
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indicated by \fIaddr\fR.
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|
T} T{
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|
.nf
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|
\fR:\fB12,15m 25\fR
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|
New current line is printed
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|
\*c
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|
.fi
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|
T}
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|
.SP
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|
\fR(.,.)\fBnumber nu T{
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Prints each line preceded
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by its buffer line number.
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|
T} T{
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|
.nf
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|
\fR:\fBnu
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|
\0\0\fR10\0 This is line 10
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|
\*c
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|
.fi
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|
T}
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|
.SP
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|
\fR(.)\fBopen o T{
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|
Too involved to discuss here,
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||
|
but if you enter open mode
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||
|
accidentally, press
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||
|
the \s-2ESC\s0 key followed by
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||
|
\fBq\fR to
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|
get back into normal editor
|
||
|
command mode.
|
||
|
\fIEdit\fP is designed to
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||
|
prevent accidental use of
|
||
|
the open command.
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|
T}
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|
.SP
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\fBpreserve pre T{
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|
Saves a copy of the current buffer contents as though the system had
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|
just crashed. This is for use in an emergency when a
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|
.I write
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|
command has failed and you don't know how else to save your work.\(dg
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|
T} T{
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|
.nf
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|
:\fBpreserve\fR
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File preserved.
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|
:
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.fi
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|
T}
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.SP
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\fR(.,.)\fBprint p Prints the text of line(s). T{
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.nf
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|
:\fB+2,+3p\fR
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|
The second and third lines
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|
after the current line
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|
:
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.fi
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|
T}
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|
.TE
|
||
|
.FS
|
||
|
.ll 6.5i
|
||
|
\(dg You should seek assistance from a system administrator as soon as
|
||
|
possible after saving a file with the
|
||
|
.I preserve
|
||
|
command, because the preserved copy of the file is saved in a
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||
|
directory used to store temporary files, and thus, the preserved
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||
|
copy may only be available for a short period of time.
|
||
|
.FE
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
.TS
|
||
|
ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
|
||
|
T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fBquit
|
||
|
quit!
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
q
|
||
|
q!
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
\fREnds the editing session.
|
||
|
You will receive a
|
||
|
warning if you have changed the buffer
|
||
|
since last writing its contents
|
||
|
to the file. In this event you
|
||
|
must either type \fBw\fR to write,
|
||
|
or type \fBq!\fR to exit from
|
||
|
the editor without saving your changes.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fR:\fBq
|
||
|
\fRNo write since last change
|
||
|
:\fBq!
|
||
|
\fR%
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fR(.)\fBread \fIfile\fP r T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
\fRPlaces a copy of \fIfile\fR in the
|
||
|
buffer after the specified line.
|
||
|
Address 0 is permissible and causes
|
||
|
the copy of \fIfile\fR to be placed
|
||
|
at the beginning of the buffer.
|
||
|
The \fIread\fP command does not
|
||
|
erase any text already in the buffer.
|
||
|
If no line number is specified,
|
||
|
\fIfile\fR is placed after the
|
||
|
current line.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fR:\fB0r newfile
|
||
|
\fR"newfile" 5 lines, 86 characters
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fBrecover \fIfile\fP rec T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
Retrieves a copy of the editor buffer
|
||
|
after a system crash, editor crash,
|
||
|
phone line disconnection, or
|
||
|
\fIpreserve\fR command.
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fR(.,.)\fBsubstitute s T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fBsubstitute/\fIpattern\fB/\fIreplacement\fB/
|
||
|
substitute/\fIpattern\fB/\fIreplacement\fB/gc
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
\fRReplaces the first occurrence of \fIpattern\fR
|
||
|
on a line
|
||
|
with \fIreplacement\fP.
|
||
|
Including a \fBg\fR after the command
|
||
|
changes all occurrences of \fIpattern\fP
|
||
|
on the line.
|
||
|
The \fBc\fR option allows the user to
|
||
|
confirm each substitution before it is
|
||
|
made; see the manual for details.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
:\fB3p
|
||
|
\fRLine 3 contains a misstake
|
||
|
:\fBs/misstake/mistake/
|
||
|
\fRLine 3 contains a mistake
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.TE
|
||
|
.bp
|
||
|
.TS
|
||
|
cp10 cp10 cp10 cp10
|
||
|
ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
|
||
|
Name Abbr Description Examples
|
||
|
.sp 1.75
|
||
|
\fBundo u T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
\fRReverses the changes made in
|
||
|
the buffer by the last buffer-editing
|
||
|
command.
|
||
|
Note that this example contains
|
||
|
a notification about the number of
|
||
|
lines affected.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fR:\fB1,15d
|
||
|
\fR15 lines deleted
|
||
|
new line number 1 is printed
|
||
|
:\fBu
|
||
|
\fR15 more lines in file ...
|
||
|
old line number 1 is printed
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fR(1,$)\fBwrite \fIfile\fR w T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
\fRCopies data from the buffer onto
|
||
|
a permanent file. If no \fIfile\fR
|
||
|
is named, the current filename
|
||
|
is used.
|
||
|
The file is automatically created
|
||
|
if it does not yet exist.
|
||
|
A response containing the number of
|
||
|
lines and characters in the file
|
||
|
indicates that the write
|
||
|
has been completed successfully.
|
||
|
The editor's built-in protections
|
||
|
against overwriting existing files
|
||
|
will in some circumstances
|
||
|
inhibit a write.
|
||
|
The form \fBw!\fR forces the
|
||
|
write, confirming that
|
||
|
an existing file is to be overwritten.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fR:\fBw
|
||
|
\fR"file7" 64 lines, 1122 characters
|
||
|
:\fBw file8
|
||
|
\fR"file8" File exists ...
|
||
|
:\fBw! file8
|
||
|
\fR"file8" 64 lines, 1122 characters
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
\fR(1,$)\fBwrite! \fIfile\fP w! \^ \^
|
||
|
.TE
|
||
|
.sp 0.5v
|
||
|
.TS
|
||
|
ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
|
||
|
\fR(.)\fBz \fIcount\fP z T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
\fRPrints a screen full of text starting
|
||
|
with the line indicated;
|
||
|
or, if \fIcount\fR is specified,
|
||
|
prints that number of lines.
|
||
|
Variants of the \fIz\fR command
|
||
|
are described in the manual.
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fB!\fIcommand T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
Executes the remainder of the line
|
||
|
after \fB!\fR as a \*U command.
|
||
|
The buffer is unchanged by this, and
|
||
|
control is returned to the editor when
|
||
|
the execution of \fIcommand\fR is complete.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fR:\fB!date
|
||
|
\fRFri Jun 9 12:15:11 PDT 1978
|
||
|
!
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fRcontrol-d T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
Prints the next \fIscroll\fR of text,
|
||
|
normally half of a screen. See the
|
||
|
manual for details of the \fIscroll\fR
|
||
|
option.
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fR(.+1)<cr> T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
An address alone followed by a carriage
|
||
|
return causes the line to be printed.
|
||
|
A carriage return by itself prints the
|
||
|
line following the current line.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
:\fR<cr>
|
||
|
the line after the current line
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.TE
|
||
|
.sp 0.5v
|
||
|
.TS
|
||
|
ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i).
|
||
|
\fB/\fIpattern\fB/ T{
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
\fRSearches for the next line in which
|
||
|
\fIpattern\fR occurs and prints it.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fR:\fB/This pattern/
|
||
|
\fRThis pattern next occurs here.
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fB// T{
|
||
|
Repeats the most recent search.
|
||
|
T} T{
|
||
|
.nf
|
||
|
\fR:\fB//
|
||
|
\fRThis pattern also occurs here.
|
||
|
\*c
|
||
|
.fi
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fB?\fIpattern\fB? T{
|
||
|
Searches in the reverse direction
|
||
|
for \fIpattern\fP.
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.SP
|
||
|
\fB?? T{
|
||
|
Repeats the most recent search,
|
||
|
moving in the reverse direction
|
||
|
through the buffer.
|
||
|
T}
|
||
|
.TE
|