This changeset adds functionality that allows system calls to retry without
affecting thread context state such as the program counter or register values
for the associated thread context (when system calls return with a retry
fault).
This functionality is needed to solve problems with blocking system calls
in multi-process or multi-threaded simulations where information is passed
between processes/threads. Blocking system calls can cause deadlock because
the simulator itself is single threaded. There is only a single thread
servicing the event queue which can cause deadlock if the thread hits a
blocking system call instruction.
To illustrate the problem, consider two processes using the producer/consumer
sharing model. The processes can use file descriptors and the read and write
calls to pass information to one another. If the consumer calls the blocking
read system call before the producer has produced anything, the call will
block the event queue (while executing the system call instruction) and
deadlock the simulation.
The solution implemented in this changeset is to recognize that the system
calls will block and then generate a special retry fault. The fault will
be sent back up through the function call chain until it is exposed to the
cpu model's pipeline where the fault becomes visible. The fault will trigger
the cpu model to replay the instruction at a future tick where the call has
a chance to succeed without actually going into a blocking state.
In subsequent patches, we recognize that a syscall will block by calling a
non-blocking poll (from inside the system call implementation) and checking
for events. When events show up during the poll, it signifies that the call
would not have blocked and the syscall is allowed to proceed (calling an
underlying host system call if necessary). If no events are returned from the
poll, we generate the fault and try the instruction for the thread context
at a distant tick. Note that retrying every tick is not efficient.
As an aside, the simulator has some multi-threading support for the event
queue, but it is not used by default and needs work. Even if the event queue
was completely multi-threaded, meaning that there is a hardware thread on
the host servicing a single simulator thread contexts with a 1:1 mapping
between them, it's still possible to run into deadlock due to the event queue
barriers on quantum boundaries. The solution of replaying at a later tick
is the simplest solution and solves the problem generally.
Add functionality to the BaseCPU that will put the entire CPU
into a low-power idle state whenever all threads in it are idle.
Change-Id: I984d1656eb0a4863c87ceacd773d2d10de5cfd2b
In general, the ThreadID parameter is unnecessary in the memory system
as the ContextID is what is used for the purposes of locks/wakeups.
Since we allocate sequential ContextIDs for each thread on MT-enabled
CPUs, ThreadID is unnecessary as the CPUs can identify the requesting
thread through sideband info (SenderState / LSQ entries) or ContextID
offset from the base ContextID for a cpu.
This is a re-spin of 20264eb after the revert (bd1c6789) and includes
some fixes of that commit.
The following patches had unexpected interactions with the current
upstream code and have been reverted for now:
e07fd01651f3: power: Add support for power models
831c7f2f9e39: power: Low-power idle power state for idle CPUs
4f749e00b667: power: Add power states to ClockedObject
Signed-off-by: Andreas Sandberg <andreas.sandberg@arm.com>
--HG--
extra : amend_source : 0b6fb073c6bbc24be533ec431eb51fbf1b269508
In general, the ThreadID parameter is unnecessary in the memory system
as the ContextID is what is used for the purposes of locks/wakeups.
Since we allocate sequential ContextIDs for each thread on MT-enabled
CPUs, ThreadID is unnecessary as the CPUs can identify the requesting
thread through sideband info (SenderState / LSQ entries) or ContextID
offset from the base ContextID for a cpu.
Writes to locked memory addresses (LLSC) did not wake up the locking
CPU. This can lead to deadlocks on multi-core runs. In AtomicSimpleCPU,
recvAtomicSnoop was checking if the incoming packet was an invalidation
(isInvalidate) and only then handled a locked snoop. But, writes are
seen instead of invalidates when running without caches (fast-forward
configurations). As as simple fix, now handleLockedSnoop is also called
even if the incoming snoop packet are from writes.
For historical reasons, the ExecContext interface had a single
function, readMem(), that did two different things depending on
whether the ExecContext supported atomic memory mode (i.e.,
AtomicSimpleCPU) or timing memory mode (all the other models).
In the former case, it actually performed a memory read; in the
latter case, it merely initiated a read access, and the read
completion did not happen until later when a response packet
arrived from the memory system.
This led to some confusing things, including timing accesses
being required to provide a pointer for the return data even
though that pointer was only used in atomic mode.
This patch splits this interface, adding a new initiateMemRead()
function to the ExecContext interface to replace the timing-mode
use of readMem().
For consistency and clarity, the readMemTiming() helper function
in the ISA definitions is renamed to initiateMemRead() as well.
For x86, where the access size is passed in explicitly, we can
also get rid of the data parameter at this level. For other ISAs,
where the access size is determined from the type of the data
parameter, we have to keep the parameter for that purpose.
Adds SMT support to the "simple" CPU models so that they can be
used with other SMT-supported CPUs. Example usage: this enables
the TimingSimpleCPU to be used to warmup caches before swapping to
detailed mode with the in-order or out-of-order based CPU models.
The drain() call currently passes around a DrainManager pointer, which
is now completely pointless since there is only ever one global
DrainManager in the system. It also contains vestiges from the time
when SimObjects had to keep track of their child objects that needed
draining.
This changeset moves all of the DrainState handling to the Drainable
base class and changes the drain() and drainResume() calls to reflect
this. Particularly, the drain() call has been updated to take no
parameters (the DrainManager argument isn't needed) and return a
DrainState instead of an unsigned integer (there is no point returning
anything other than 0 or 1 any more). Drainable objects should return
either DrainState::Draining (equivalent to returning 1 in the old
system) if they need more time to drain or DrainState::Drained
(equivalent to returning 0 in the old system) if they are already in a
consistent state. Returning DrainState::Running is considered an
error.
Drain done signalling is now done through the signalDrainDone() method
in the Drainable class instead of using the DrainManager directly. The
new call checks if the state of the object is DrainState::Draining
before notifying the drain manager. This means that it is safe to call
signalDrainDone() without first checking if the simulator has
requested draining. The intention here is to reduce the code needed to
implement draining in simple objects.
The totalInstructions counter is only incremented when the whole instruction is
commited and not on every microop. It was incorrectly reset in atomic and
timing cpus.
Committed by: Nilay Vaish <nilay@cs.wisc.edu>"
This patch fixes a long-standing isue with the port flow
control. Before this patch the retry mechanism was shared between all
different packet classes. As a result, a snoop response could get
stuck behind a request waiting for a retry, even if the send/recv
functions were split. This caused message-dependent deadlocks in
stress-test scenarios.
The patch splits the retry into one per packet (message) class. Thus,
sendTimingReq has a corresponding recvReqRetry, sendTimingResp has
recvRespRetry etc. Most of the changes to the code involve simply
clarifying what type of request a specific object was accepting.
The biggest change in functionality is in the cache downstream packet
queue, facing the memory. This queue was shared by requests and snoop
responses, and it is now split into two queues, each with their own
flow control, but the same physical MasterPort. These changes fixes
the previously seen deadlocks.
This patch changes how the timing CPU deals with processing responses,
always scheduling an event, even if it is for the current tick. This
helps to avoid situations where a new request shows up before a
response is finished in the crossbar, and also is more in line with
any realistic behaviour.
This patch tidies up how we create and set the fields of a Request. In
essence it tries to use the constructor where possible (as opposed to
setPhys and setVirt), thus avoiding spreading the information across a
number of locations. In fact, setPhys is made private as part of this
patch, and a number of places where we callede setVirt instead uses
the appropriate constructor.
Only the instruction address is actually checked, so there's no need to check
repeatedly while we're working through the microops of a macroop and that's
not changing.
This patch simplifies how we deal with dynamically allocated data in
the packet, always assuming that it is array allocated, and hence
should be array deallocated (delete[] as opposed to delete). The only
uses of dataDynamic was in the Ruby testers.
The ARRAY_DATA flag in the packet is removed accordingly. No
defragmentation of the flags is done at this point, leaving a gap in
the bit masks.
As the last part the patch, it renames dataDynamicArray to dataDynamic.
Mwait works as follows:
1. A cpu monitors an address of interest (monitor instruction)
2. A cpu calls mwait - this loads the cache line into that cpu's cache.
3. The cpu goes to sleep.
4. When another processor requests write permission for the line, it is
evicted from the sleeping cpu's cache. This eviction is forwarded to the
sleeping cpu, which then wakes up.
Committed by: Nilay Vaish <nilay@cs.wisc.edu>
This changeset adds probe points that can be used to implement PMU
counters for CPU stats. The following probes are supported:
* BaseCPU::ppCycles / Cycles
* BaseCPU::ppRetiredInsts / RetiredInsts
* BaseCPU::ppRetiredLoads / RetiredLoads
* BaseCPU::ppRetiredStores / RetiredStores
* BaseCPU::ppRetiredBranches RetiredBranches
activate(), suspend(), and halt() used on thread contexts had an optional
delay parameter. However this parameter was often ignored. Also, when used,
the delay was seemily arbitrarily set to 0 or 1 cycle (no other delays were
ever specified). This patch removes the delay parameter and 'Events'
associated with them across all ISAs and cores. Unused activate logic
is also removed.
This patch changes how faults are passed between methods in an attempt
to copy as few reference-counting pointer instances as possible. This
should avoid unecessary copies being created, contributing to the
increment/decrement of the reference counters.
This patch add support for generating wake-up events in the CPU when an address
that is currently in the exclusive state is hit by a snoop. This mechanism is required
for ARMv8 multi-processor support.
This patch enables tracking of cache occupancy per thread along with
ages (in buckets) per cache blocks. Cache occupancy stats are
recalculated on each stat dump.
Add some values and methods to the request object to track the translation
and access latency for a request and which level of the cache hierarchy responded
to the request.
Added a couple missing updates to the notIdleFraction stat. Without
these, it sometimes gives a (not) idle fraction that is greater than 1
or less than 0.
This patch modifies the SimpleTimingCPU drain check to also consider
the fetch event. Previously, there was an assumption that there is
never a fetch event scheduled if the CPU is not executing
microcode. However, when a context is activated, a fetch even is
scheduled, and microPC() is zero.
This patch removes the notion of a peer block size and instead sets
the cache line size on the system level.
Previously the size was set per cache, and communicated through the
interconnect. There were plenty checks to ensure that everyone had the
same size specified, and these checks are now removed. Another benefit
that is not yet harnessed is that the cache line size is now known at
construction time, rather than after the port binding. Hence, the
block size can be locally stored and does not have to be queried every
time it is used.
A follow-on patch updates the configuration scripts accordingly.
Previously, nextCycle() could return the *current* cycle if the current tick was
already aligned with the clock edge. This behavior is not only confusing (not
quite what the function name implies), but also caused problems in the
drainResume() function. When exiting/re-entering the sim loop (e.g., to take
checkpoints), the CPUs will drain and resume. Due to the previous behavior of
nextCycle(), the CPU tick events were being rescheduled in the same ticks that
were already processed before draining. This caused divergence from runs that
did not exit/re-entered the sim loop. (Initially a cycle difference, but a
significant impact later on.)
This patch separates out the two behaviors (nextCycle() and clockEdge()),
uses nextCycle() in drainResume, and uses clockEdge() everywhere else.
Nothing (other than name) should change except for the drainResume timing.
Virtualized CPUs and the fastmem mode of the atomic CPU require direct
access to physical memory. We currently require caches to be disabled
when using them to prevent chaos. This is not ideal when switching
between hardware virutalized CPUs and other CPU models as it would
require a configuration change on each switch. This changeset
introduces a new version of the atomic memory mode,
'atomic_noncaching', where memory accesses are inserted into the
memory system as atomic accesses, but bypass caches.
To make memory mode tests cleaner, the following methods are added to
the System class:
* isAtomicMode() -- True if the memory mode is 'atomic' or 'direct'.
* isTimingMode() -- True if the memory mode is 'timing'.
* bypassCaches() -- True if caches should be bypassed.
The old getMemoryMode() and setMemoryMode() methods should never be
used from the C++ world anymore.
CPUs need to test that the memory system is in the right mode in two
places, when the CPU is initialized (unless it's switched out) and on
a drainResume(). This led to some code duplication in the CPU
models. This changeset introduces the verifyMemoryMode() method which
is called by BaseCPU::init() if the CPU isn't switched out. The
individual CPU models are responsible for calling this method when
resuming from a drain as this code is CPU model specific.
Cleanup the serialization code for the simple CPUs and the O3 CPU. The
CPU-specific code has been replaced with a (un)serializeThread that
serializes the thread state / context of a specific thread. Assuming
that the thread state class uses the CPU-specific thread state uses
the base thread state serialization code, this allows us to restore a
checkpoint with any of the CPU models.
Currently, the timing CPU can be in the middle of a microcode sequence
or multicycle (stayAtPC is true) instruction when it is drained. This
leads to two problems:
* When switching to a hardware virtualized CPU, we obviously can't
execute gem5 microcode.
* If stayAtPC is true we might execute half of an instruction twice
when restoring a checkpoint or switching CPUs, which leads to an
incorrect execution.
After applying this patch, the CPU will be on a proper instruction
boundary, which means that it is safe to switch to any CPU model
(including hardware virtualized ones). This changeset also fixes a bug
where the timing CPU sometimes switches out with while stayAtPC is
true, which corrupts the target state after a CPU switch or
checkpoint.
Note: This changeset removes the so_state variable from checkpoints
since the drain state isn't used anymore.
The defer_registration parameter is used to prevent a CPU from
initializing at startup, leaving it in the "switched out" mode. The
name of this parameter (and the help string) is confusing. This patch
renames it to switched_out, which should be more descriptive.
This patch cleans up the CPU switching functionality by making sure
that CPU models consistently call the parent on switchOut() and
takeOverFrom(). This has the following implications that might alter
current functionality:
* The call to BaseCPU::switchout() in the O3 CPU is moved from
signalDrained() (!) to switchOut().
* A call to BaseSimpleCPU::switchOut() is introduced in the simple
CPUs.
This patch adds checks to all CPU models to make sure that the memory
system is in the correct mode at startup and when resuming after a
drain. Previously, we only checked that the memory system was in the
right mode when resuming. This is inadequate since this is a
configuration error that should be detected at startup as well as when
resuming. Additionally, since the check was done using an assert, it
wasn't performed when NDEBUG was set (e.g., the fast target).
This patch moves the draining interface from SimObject to a separate
class that can be used by any object needing draining. However,
objects not visible to the Python code (i.e., objects not deriving
from SimObject) still depend on their parents informing them when to
drain. This patch also gets rid of the CountedDrainEvent (which isn't
really an event) and replaces it with a DrainManager.
This patch addresses the comments and feedback on the preceding patch
that reworks the clocks and now more clearly shows where cycles
(relative cycle counts) are used to express time.
Instead of bumping the existing patch I chose to make this a separate
patch, merely to try and focus the discussion around a smaller set of
changes. The two patches will be pushed together though.
This changes done as part of this patch are mostly following directly
from the introduction of the wrapper class, and change enough code to
make things compile and run again. There are definitely more places
where int/uint/Tick is still used to represent cycles, and it will
take some time to chase them all down. Similarly, a lot of parameters
should be changed from Param.Tick and Param.Unsigned to
Param.Cycles.
In addition, the use of curTick is questionable as there should not be
an absolute cycle. Potential solutions can be built on top of this
patch. There is a similar situation in the o3 CPU where
lastRunningCycle is currently counting in Cycles, and is still an
absolute time. More discussion to be had in other words.
An additional change that would be appropriate in the future is to
perform a similar wrapping of Tick and probably also introduce a
Ticks class along with suitable operators for all these classes.
This patch introduces the notion of a clock update function that aims
to avoid costly divisions when turning the current tick into a
cycle. Each clocked object advances a private (hidden) cycle member
and a tick member and uses these to implement functions for getting
the tick of the next cycle, or the tick of a cycle some time in the
future.
In the different modules using the clocks, changes are made to avoid
counting in ticks only to later translate to cycles. There are a few
oddities in how the O3 and inorder CPU count idle cycles, as seen by a
few locations where a cycle is subtracted in the calculation. This is
done such that the regression does not change any stats, but should be
revisited in a future patch.
Another, much needed, change that is not done as part of this patch is
to introduce a new typedef uint64_t Cycle to be able to at least hint
at the unit of the variables counting Ticks vs Cycles. This will be
done as a follow-up patch.
As an additional follow up, the thread context still uses ticks for
the book keeping of last activate and last suspend and this should
probably also be changed into cycles as well.
This patch removes the NACK frrom the packet as there is no longer any
module in the system that issues them (the bridge was the only one and
the previous patch removes that).
The handling of NACKs was mostly avoided throughout the code base, by
using e.g. panic or assert false, but in a few locations the NACKs
were actually dealt with (although NACKs never occured in any of the
regressions). Most notably, the DMA port will now never receive a NACK
and the backoff time is thus never changed. As a consequence, the
entire backoff mechanism (similar to a PCI bus) is now removed and the
DMA port entirely relies on the bus performing the arbitration and
issuing a retry when appropriate. This is more in line with e.g. PCIe.
Surprisingly, this patch has no impact on any of the regressions. As
mentioned in the patch that removes the NACK from the bridge, a
follow-up patch should change the request and response buffer size for
at least one regression to also verify that the system behaves as
expected when the bridge fills up.
This patch fixes some problems with the drain/switchout functionality
for the O3 cpu and for the ARM ISA and adds some useful debug print
statements.
This is an incremental fix as there are still a few bugs/mem leaks with the
switchout code. Particularly when switching from an O3CPU to a
TimingSimpleCPU. However, when switching from O3 to O3 cores with the ARM ISA
I haven't encountered any more assertion failures; now the kernel will
typically panic inside of simulation.
initCPU() will be called to initialize switched out CPUs for the simple and
inorder CPU models. this patch prevents those CPUs from being initialized
because they should get their state from the active CPU when it is switched
out.
